Higher Secondary School - 11th , 12th 
Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Importants questions answers

11th Standard

Botany - (Click Here) 
Physics - (Click Here) 
Chemistry - (Click Here) 
zoology - (Click Here) 
Economics - (Click Here) 
History - (Click Here) 
Geography - (Click Here)

12th Standard

Botany - (Click Here) 
Physics - (Click Here) 
Chemistry - (Click Here) 
zoology - (Click Here) 
Economics - (Click Here) 
History - (Click Here) 
Geography - (Click Here) 


Subject : Botany

BIODIVERSITY

1. Taxonomy and Phylogeny - Answer (click here)
2. Two Kingdom System of Classification - Answer (click here)
3. The Five Kingdom System of Classification - Answer (click here)
4. Viruses - Introduction And General characteristics - Answer (click here)
5. Viruses : Size, Shape And Structure of a Virus - Answer (click here)
6. Classification of virus - Answer (click here)
7. Lytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage - Answer (click here)
8. Plant viral disease : Bunchy top of banana, HIV, cancer, SARS Virion - Answer (click here)
9. A new disease called SARS Virion - Answer (click here)
10. Bacteria : Introduction, Occurrence, Size - Answer (click here)
11. Classification of bacteria based on the shape and arrangement - Answer (click here)
12. Flagellation in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
13. Nutrition in Plant Bacteria - Answer (click here)
14. Respiration in Plant Bacteria - Answer (click here)
15. Reproduction of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
16. Harmful activities of Bacteria in Plants, Animal, Human beings - Answer (click here)
17. Beneficial Activities of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
18. Fungi : Salient and Distinguishing Features, Structure, Nutrition, Saprotrophs - Answer (click here)
19. Fungai : Saprotrophs and Parasites - Answer (click here)
20. Fungi Symbiosis - Answer (click here)
21. Classification of Fungi - Answer (click here)
22. Economic importance of Fungi : Useful and Harmful aspects of fungi - Answer (click here)
23. Mucor : Occurrence, Reproduction, Somatic structure - Answer (click here)
24. Algae : Salient Features, Occurrence and Distribution, Thallus organization - Answer (click here)
25. Algae : Cell Structure & Pigmentation - Answer (click here)
26. Algea : Arranagement of Flagella - Answer (click here)
27. Algea Reproduction : 1. Vegetative 2. Asexual 3. Sexual - Answer (click here)
28. Classification of Algea - Answer (click here)
29. Economic Importance of Algae - Food, Agriculture, Industry, space travel, Single cell protein, Sewage Disposal - Answer (click here)
30. Harmful effects of Algae - Answer (click here)
31. Spirogyra : Detail, Occurrence, Structure - Answer (click here)
32. Algea : Reproduction - Answer (click here)
33. Bryophytes : Salient and Distinguishing features of Bryophytes - Answer (click here)
34. Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - Answer (click here)
35. Classification of Bryophyta - Answer (click here)
36. Riccia And The structure of mature gametophyte - Answer (click here)
37. Reproduction of Riccia - Answer (click here)
38. Riccia - Fertilization, Sporophyte Generation - Answer (click here)
39. Life cycle of Riccia - Answer (click here)
40. Pteridophytes : Salient features and Salient features - Answer (click here)
41. Characteristics of Pteridophytes and Economic importance - Answer (click here)
42. Morphology of sporophyte - Answer (click here)
43. Anatomy of Nephrolepsis - Answer (click here)
44. Reproduction of Nephrolepsis - Answer (click here)
45. Nephrolepsis : Fertilization - Answer (click here)
46. Classification and Characteristic of Spermatophytes(Gymnosperms) - Answer (click here)
47. Salient features and Distinguishing features of Gymnosperms - Answer (click here)
48. Cycas - Morphology of sporophyte - Answer (click here)
49. Anatomy of Cycas - Answer (click here)
50. Cycas - Reproduction - Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY

1. A brief history about the discovery of cells - Answer (click here)
2. Dynamic nature of cell , Difference Between Plant Cell And Animal cell - Answer (click here)
3. Development of Cell Theory And Exception to cell Theory - Answer (click here)
4. prokaryotic cell And Ultra structure of a prokaryotic cell - Answer (click here)
5. Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
6. Different Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant Cells) - Answer (click here)
7. Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM - Transmission Electron Microscopy & SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope ) - Answer (click here)
8. Formation of the cell wall - Answer (click here)
9. Structure of the cell wall - Answer (click here)
10. Plasmodesmata, pits and Functions of cell wall - Answer (click here)
11. Ultra structure of the cell membrane - Fluid mosaic Model, Lipids, Proteins - Answer (click here)
12. Functions of plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
13. Cell Membrane Transport - Answer (click here)
14. List of Plant Cell Organelles - Answer (click here)
15. Plant Cell Nucleus And Functions of Plant Cell Nucleus - Answer (click here)
16. Plant Cell Mitochondria - Power house of the cell - Answer (click here)
17. Plant Cell Plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts - Answer (click here)
18. Plant Cell : Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
19. Plant Cell Division - Cell Cycle 1.Amitosis 2.Mitosis 3. Meiosis - Answer (click here)
20. Cell Division : Mitotic cell cycle : 1.Prophase 2. Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4. Telophase - Answer (click here)
21. Cell Division - Meiosis Cell Cycle : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase - Answer (click here)

PLANT MORPHOLOGY

1. Morphology of flowering plants or Angiosperms - short notes - Answer (click here)
2. Plant - Root System : Regions of a typical root and General Characteristic features of the root - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Root System And Functions of roots - Answer (click here)
4. Root Modifications for Taproot, adventitious roots - Answer (click here)
5. Characteristic features and Functions of the stem - Answer (click here)
6. Modifications of stem : 1. Aerial modifications 2. Sub aerial modifications 3. Under ground modifications - Answer (click here)
7. Parts of a Leaf : 1. Leaf base 2. Petiole 3. Lamina - Answer (click here)
8. Leaf Venation : Reticulate, Parallel : Pinnately, Palmately - Answer (click here)
9. Leaf Modification - Answer (click here)
10. Inflorescence : Racemose, Cymose, Mixed and Special types - Answer (click here)
11. FLOWER - A Metamorphosed Shoot : Evidences to support that flower is a modified shoot - Answer (click here)
12. Description of a flower - Answer (click here)
13. Types of Placentation : Axile,Marginal, Parietal, Basal, Superficial Placentation - Answer (click here)
14. Androecium And Gynoecium - Answer (click here)
15. Plant Aestivation And Types of Aestivation - Answer (click here)
16. Corolla : Shape of the petals in the corolla and Forms of Corolla - Answer (click here)
17. Calyx : Variations and Duration of calyx - Answer (click here)
18. The receptacle (thalamus) : Variation of the Receptacle, Insertion of floral leaves on the thalamus - Answer (click here)
19. Parts of a flower - Answer (click here)
20. Fruit : Types and Structure of fruit - Answer (click here)
21. Simple fleshy fruits : baccate,drupaceous - Berry, Drupe, Hesperidium, Pepo, Pomo - Answer (click here)
22. Simple Dry Fruits - .1. Dehiscent 2. Schizocarpic 3. Indehiscent - Answer (click here)
23. aggregate and multiple or composite fruits - Answer (click here)
24. Structure and Types of Seed - Answer (click here)
25. Structure of gram seed - Answer (click here)
26. Structure of Maize Grain - Answer (click here)

GENETICS

1. GENETICS : Concept of Heredity and Variation - Answer (click here)
2. Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance - Answer (click here)
3. Intermediate Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance) - Answer (click here)
4. Epistasis - Gene Interaction - Answer (click here)
5. Inheritance Laws of Mendel - Answer (click here)
6. Biography of Mendel And Mendel's Experiments on Mendel's Laws of Inheritance - Answer (click here)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

1. Cell as a Physiological Unit - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of Protoplasm : The Physical and Chemical Nature - Answer (click here)
3. Cell - Water Relations - Answer (click here)
4. Cells : Absorption and Movement - Imbibition, Diffusion - Answer (click here)
5. Demonstration of Osmosis - Potato Osmoscope - Answer (click here)
6. Plasmolysis and Significance of Plasmolysis - Answer (click here)
7. Plant Cells : Permeability and Water Potential - Answer (click here)
8. Water Transport in Plant - Answer (click here)
9. Transpiration Pull Theory in plant water transport - Answer (click here)
10. Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration in Plant - Answer (click here)
11. Structure of Stoma and Mechanism of Stomatal Opening and Closing - Answer (click here)
12. Factors Affecting Stomatal Movement - Answer (click here)
13. Functions of Minerals Nutrition - Answer (click here)
14. Hydroponics : Advantages and Disavantagges of Hydroponics - Answer (click here)
15. Essential Major Elements and Trace Elements for Plant - Answer (click here)
16. Plant Physiological Role and Deficiency Symptoms of Mineral Elements - Answer (click here)
17. Theories of Translocation for Plant : Passive absorption and Active Absorption - Answer (click here)
18. Plant Physiology : Translocation of Solutes - Answer (click here)
19. Plant Physiology : Nitrogen Metabolism - Answer (click here)
20. Plant Movements : Movements of locomotion and curvature - Answer (click here)
21. Geotropism - Answer (click here)
22. Phototropism And Turgor Growth Movements - Answer (click here)

REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY

1. Reproduction in Angiosperms : Vegetative Propagation - Answer (click here)
2. Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation : Root, Stem, Leaves - Answer (click here)
3. Advantages of Vegetative propagation - Answer (click here)
4. Artificial Method of Vegetative Propagation : Cuttings, Grafting - Answer (click here)
5. Reproduction in Angiosperm : Micropropagation - Answer (click here)
6. Self Pollination - Sexual Reproduction : 1. autogamy 2. geitonogamy - Answer (click here)
7. Cross Pollination (Xenogamy, Allogamy) - Sexual Reproduction - Answer (click here)
8. Development of male and female gametophyte - Answer (click here)
9. Development of female gametophyte : Megasporophyll, Megasporangium or ovule, Megasporogenesis - Answer (click here)
10. Types of Plant Ovule - Answer (click here)
11. Plant Reproduction : Double fertilization - Answer (click here)
12. Development of dicot embryo - Answer (click here)
13. Parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy - Answer (click here)
14. Germination of Seed : Parts of Seed - Answer (click here)
15. Process of seed germination - Answer (click here)
16. Types of seed germination : Epigeal, Hypogeal germination, Vivipary - Answer (click here)
17. Factors necessary for seed gamination - Answer (click here)
18. Abscission and Importance of Abscission - Answer (click here)
19. senescence : Types, Physiology , Importance of senescence - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

1. Organisms and their Environment - Answer (click here)
2. Organisms : Environmental Climatic Factors - Answer (click here)
3. Organisms : Environment : Edaphic Factors - Answer (click here)
4. Organisms : Environmental factors - Climatic, Edaphic, Biotic - Answer (click here)
5. Relationships among Organisms : Positive and Negative Interactions - Answer (click here)
6. Hydrophytes And Classification of Hydrophytes - Answer (click here)
7. Morphological and Anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes - Answer (click here)
8. Xerophytes and Classification of Xerophytes - Answer (click here)
9. Morphological, Anatomical and Physiological Adaptations of Xerophytes - Answer (click here)
10. Mesophytes - Answer (click here)
11. natural resources and Types of natural resources - Answer (click here)
12. Sources of Energy resources - Answer (click here)
13. Conservation of Energy - Answer (click here)
14. Forest Resources - Answer (click here)
15. Social Forestry and Conservation of Forests - Answer (click here)
16. Conservation of Water and Types of Harvesting Rainwater - Answer (click here)

Subject : Physics

Nature of the Physical World and Measurement

1. Scope of Physics - Answer (click here)
2. Physics, Technology and Society - Answer (click here)
3. Forces of nature - Answer (click here)
4. Measurement - Answer (click here)
5. Derived quantities and their units - Answer (click here)
6. SI standards - Answer (click here)
7. Rules and conventions for writing SI units and their symbols - Answer (click here)
8. Expressing larger and smaller physical quantities - Answer (click here)
9. Determination of distance, mass, time - Answer (click here)
10. Accuracy and precision of measuring instruments - Answer (click here)
11. Measurement: Significant figures - Answer (click here)
12. Measurement: Rounding off - Answer (click here)
13. Classification of Errors in Measurement - Answer (click here)
14. Dimensional Analysis - Answer (click here)
15. Uses and Limitations of Dimensional Analysis - Answer (click here)

Kinematics

1. Kinematics - Rest and Motion - Answer (click here)
2. Motion in one dimension (rectilinear motion) - Answer (click here)
3. Equations of motion - Answer (click here)
4. Graphical representations - displacement, velocity,acceleration with time graph - Answer (click here)
5. Representation of a vector quantities - Answer (click here)
6. Different types of vectors - Answer (click here)
7. Addition of vectors: Triangle and Parallelogram law of vectors - Answer (click here)
8. Subtraction of vectors - Answer (click here)
9. Resolution of vectors and rectangular components - Answer (click here)
10. Multiplication of two vectors - Answer (click here)
11. Projectile motion - Answer (click here)
12. Motion of a projectile thrown horizontally - Answer (click here)
13. Motion of a projectile projected at an angle with the horizontal (oblique projection) - Answer (click here)
14. Newton's first law of motion - Answer (click here)
15. Three types of the inertia - Answer (click here)
16. Examples for Newton's first law of motion - Answer (click here)
17. Newton's second law of motion - Answer (click here)
18. Impulsive force and Impulse of a force - Answer (click here)
19. Newton's third Law of motion - Answer (click here)
20. Applications of Newton s third law of motion - Answer (click here)
21. Proof and Applications of Law of conservation of momentum - Answer (click here)
22. Concurrent forces and Coplanar forces - Answer (click here)
23. Parallelogram and Triangle law of forces - Answer (click here)
24. Experimental verification of triangle law, parallelogram law and Lami's theorem - Answer (click here)
25. Uniform circular motion - Answer (click here)
26. Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity - Answer (click here)
27. Centripetal acceleration, Centripetal force and Centripetal reaction - Answer (click here)
28. Applications of centripetal forces - Answer (click here)
29. Banking of curved roads and tracks and Condition for skidding - Answer (click here)
30. Motion in a vertical circle - Answer (click here)
31. Motion on a level circular road - Answer (click here)
32. Work : Work done by a constant force and variable force - Answer (click here)
33. Potential energy and Kinetic energy - Answer (click here)
34. Principle of work and energy (work - energy theorem) Statement - Answer (click here)
35. Conservative forces and non-conservative forces - Answer (click here)
36. Collision: Types - Elastic collision and Inelastic collision - Answer (click here)

Dynamics of Rotational Motion

1. Centre of mass - Answer (click here)
2. Centre of gravity - Answer (click here)
3. Equilibrium of bodies and types of equilibrium - Answer (click here)
4. Rotational motion of rigid bodies - Answer (click here)
5. Rotational kinetic energy and moment of inertia of a rigid body - Answer (click here)
6. Theorems of moment of inertia : Perpendicular and Parallel axes theorem - Answer (click here)
7. Moment of a force - Answer (click here)
8. Couple and moment of the couple (Torque) - Answer (click here)
9. Angular momentum of a rigid body - Answer (click here)
10. Relation between torque and angular acceleration - Answer (click here)
11. Conservation of angular momentum with Illustration - Answer (click here)

Gravitation and Space Science

1. Newton's law of gravitation - Answer (click here)
2. Acceleration due to gravity - Answer (click here)
3. Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth - Answer (click here)
4. Variation of acceleration due to gravity - Answer (click here)
5. Gravitational field: potential difference and potential energy - Answer (click here)
6. Inertial mass and Gravitational mass - Answer (click here)
7. Escape speed derivation and with the atmosphere of a planet - Answer (click here)
8. Satellites: Orbital velocity, Time period and Energy - Answer (click here)
9. Geo-stationary satellites and Polar satellites - Answer (click here)
10. Uses of satellites - Answer (click here)
11. Indian space programme: List of Indian satellites and Indian Launch Vehicles (Rockets) - Answer (click here)
12. Weightlessness, Rockets - principle and Types of fuels - Answer (click here)
13. The Solar system - Answer (click here)
14. Kepler's laws of planetary motion: The law of orbits, areas, periods - Answer (click here)
15. Size, Surface temperatures, Mass, Atmosphere of the planets - Answer (click here)
16. Conditions for life on any planet - Answer (click here)
17. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors and Meteorites inthe Solar system - Answer (click here)
18. Stars, Constellations, Galaxy in the Solar system - Answer (click here)
19. Milky Way galaxy - Answer (click here)
20. Origin of the Universe - Answer (click here)

Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

1. Mechanics of Solids and Fluids - Answer (click here)
2. Intermolecular or interatomic forces - Answer (click here)
3. Elasticity: Stress, strain Elastic limit, Hooke's law - Answer (click here)
4. Experimental verification of Hooke's law - Answer (click here)
5. Study of stress - strain relationship - Answer (click here)
6. Three moduli of elasticity - Answer (click here)
7. Relation between the three moduli of elasticity - Answer (click here)
8. Determination of Young's modulusby Searle's method - Answer (click here)
9. Applications of modulus of elasticity - Answer (click here)
10. Pressure due to a liquid column - Answer (click here)
11. Pascal's law and effect of gravity - Answer (click here)
12. Applications of Pascal's law: Hydraulic lift and brake - Answer (click here)
13. Co-efficient of viscosity - Answer (click here)
14. Viscosity: Streamline flow and Turbulent flow - Answer (click here)
15. Stoke's law (for highly viscous liquids) - Answer (click here)
16. Determination of coefficient of viscosity of water by Poiseuille's flow method - Answer (click here)
17. Surface tension: Intermolecular, Cohesive, Adhesive force - Answer (click here)
18. Experiments to demonstrate surface tension - Answer (click here)
19. Molecular theory of surface tension - Answer (click here)
20. Fluid Surface energy and surface tension - Answer (click here)
21. Pressure difference and pressure inside a liquid drop and a soap bubble - Answer (click here)
22. Capillarity and Illustrations of capillarity - Answer (click here)
23. Experimental determination of surface tension of water by capillary rise method - Answer (click here)
24. Factors affecting and Applications surface tension - Answer (click here)
25. Total energy of a liquid: Pressure, Kineti, Potential energy - Answer (click here)
26. Fluid Equation of continuity - Answer (click here)
27. Bernoulli's theorem - Answer (click here)
28. Application of Bernoulli's theorem - Answer (click here)

Oscillations

1. The projection of uniform circular motion on a diameter is SHM - Answer (click here)
2. Important terms in simple harmonic motion - Answer (click here)
3. Dynamics of harmonic oscillations - Answer (click here)
4. Angular harmonic oscillator - Answer (click here)
5. Horizontal and Vertical oscillations of spring - Answer (click here)
6. Oscillation of liquid column in a U - tube - Answer (click here)
7. Oscillations of a simple pendulum - Answer (click here)
8. Laws of pendulum - Answer (click here)
9. Kinetic and Potential in simple harmonic motion - Answer (click here)
10. Types of oscillations - Answer (click here)

Wave Motion

1. Characteristics of wave motion - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanical wave motion - Transverse and Longitudinal wave motion - Answer (click here)
3. Relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength of a wave - Answer (click here)
4. Velocity of wave in different media - Answer (click here)
5. Laplace?s correction - Answer (click here)
6. Factors affecting velocity of sound in gases - Answer (click here)
7. Equation of a plane progressive wave - Answer (click here)
8. Characteristics of progressive wave - Answer (click here)
9. Progressive wave : Intensity and sound level - Answer (click here)
10. Applications of reflection of sound waves - Answer (click here)
11. Applications of refraction of sound - Answer (click here)
12. Superposition principle of waves - Answer (click here)
13. Interference of waves - Answer (click here)
14. Experimental demonstration of interference of sound - Answer (click here)
15. Beats - Analytical method and Uses of beats - Answer (click here)
16. Analytical method and Characteristics of stationary waves - Answer (click here)
17. Standing waves in strings - Sonometer - Answer (click here)
18. Vibrations of air column in Organ pipes - Answer (click here)
19. Resonance air column apparatus - Answer (click here)
20. Doppler effect : Different cases and Applications - Answer (click here)

Heat and Thermodynamics

1. Heat and Thermodynamics - Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Postulates of Kinetic theory of gases - Answer (click here)
3. Pressure exerted by a gas - Answer (click here)
4. Degrees of freedom of molecule - Answer (click here)
5. Law of equipartition of energy - Answer (click here)
6. Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click here)
7. Molar specific heat capacity of a gas - Answer (click here)
8. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
9. Relation between Cp and Cv (Meyer's relation) - Answer (click here)
10. Indicator diagram (P-V diagram) - Answer (click here)
11. Isothermal process and Workdone in an isothermal expansion - Answer (click here)
12. Adiabatic process and Work done in an adiabatic expansion - Answer (click here)
13. Thermodynamic : Reversible and irreversible processes - Answer (click here)
14. Second law of thermodynamics- Kelvin's, Clausius, Kelvin - Planck's statement - Answer (click here)
15. Carnot engine - Essential parts, Working, four stages of operations - Answer (click here)
16. Refrigerator : Coefficient of performance and Inferences - Answer (click here)
17. Transfer of heat - Conduction, Convection, Radiation - Answer (click here)
18. Perfect black body - Answer (click here)
19. Experimental verification of Newton's law of cooling - Answer (click here)
20. Surface temperature of the Sun - Answer (click here)
21. Angstrom pyrheliometer - Answer (click here)

Ray Optics

1. Reflection of light - Answer (click here)
2. Image in a plane mirror - Answer (click here)
3. Reflection at curved surfaces - Answer (click here)
4. Total internal reflection - Answer (click here)
5. Applications of Total internal reflection - Answer (click here)
6. Michelson's method - Answer (click here)
7. Importance of velocity of light - Answer (click here)
8. Refraction of light - Answer (click here)
9. Refraction at a spherical surface - Answer (click here)
10. Lens maker's formula and lens formula and Magnification - Answer (click here)
11. Combination of thin lenses in contact - Answer (click here)
12. Refraction of light through a prism - Answer (click here)
13. Dispersion of light and Dispersive power - Answer (click here)
14. Spectrometer - Answer (click here)
15. Basic Parts and Adjustments of the spectrometer - Answer (click here)
16. Determination of the refractive index of the material of the prism - Answer (click here)
17. Formation of rainbows - Answer (click here)

Magnetism

1. Earth?s magnetic field and magnetic elements - Answer (click here)
2. Basic properties of magnets - Answer (click here)
3. Force between two magnetic poles - Answer (click here)
4. Magnetic induction at a point along the axial line due to a magnetic dipole (Bar magnet) - Answer (click here)
5. Magnetic induction at a point along the equatorial line of a bar magnet - Answer (click here)
6. Mapping of magnetic field due to a bar magnet - Answer (click here)
7. Torque on a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field - Answer (click here)
8. Tangent law - Answer (click here)
9. End-on (or) Tan A position- Deflection magnetometer - Answer (click here)
10. Broad?side on (or) Tan B position - Deflection magnetometer - Answer (click here)
11. Magnetic properties of materials - Answer (click here)
12. Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic substances - Answer (click here)
13. Hysteresis and Hysteresis loss - Answer (click here)
14. Uses of ferromagnetic materials - Answer (click here)

Subject : Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Calculations

1. Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass - Answer (click here)
2. Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click here)
3. Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and Percentage composition - Answer (click here)
5. Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here)
6. Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here)
7. Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here)
8. General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click here)
9. Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click here)
10. Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here)
11. Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here)
12. Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here)
13. Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent - Answer (click here)
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click here)
15. Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click here)

General Introduction to Metallurgy

1. Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here)
2. Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here)
3. Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here)
4. Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here)
5. Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)

Atomic Structure I

1. Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here)
2. Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here)
3. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here)
4. Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here)
5. Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here)
6. Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here)
7. Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here)
8. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here)
9. Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here)
10. Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)

Periodic Classification I

1. Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here)
2. Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here)
3. Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here)
4. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer (click here)
5. Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here)
6. Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here)
7. Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here)
8. Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here)
9. Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here)
10. Electron affinity - Answer (click here)
11. Electronegativity - Answer (click here)
12. Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability etc. - Answer (click here)

Group 1 sBlock elements

1. The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here)
2. Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click here)
3. Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
4. Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here)
5. Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions, Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer (click here)
7. Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here)
8. Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click here)
9. Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
10. Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)

Group 2 sBlock elements

1. Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here)
2. Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)
3. Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)

pBlock elements

1. p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties - Answer (click here)
3. Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click here)
5. Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here)
6. Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here)
7. Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here)
8. Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here)
9. Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here)
10. Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer (click here)
11. Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)

Physical Chemistry

Solid state I

1. Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)
2. Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click here)
4. Miller Indices - Answer (click here)

Gaseous state I

1. Properties of gases - Answer (click here)
2. The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here)
3. Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here)
4. Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here)
5. Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
6. Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here)
7. Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations - Answer (click here)
8. Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here)
9. Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here)
10. Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process - Answer (click here)

Chemical Bonding

1. Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
2. Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)
3. Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here)
4. Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here)
5. Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click here)
6. Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here)
7. Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer (click here)
8. Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here)
9. Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here)
10. Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
11. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer (click here)
12. Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here)
13. Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here)
14. Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here)
15. Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)

Colligative Properties

1. Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here)
2. Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here)
3. Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method - Answer (click here)
4. Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here)
5. Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method - Answer (click here)
6. Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method - Answer (click here)
7. Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here)
8. Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by Berkley-Hartley method - Answer (click here)
9. Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)

Thermodynamics I

1. Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
2. Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here)
3. Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here)
4. Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click here)
5. Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible process - Answer (click here)
6. Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here)
7. Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click here)
8. Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here)
9. First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
10. Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here)
11. Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here)
12. Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here)
13. Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)

Chemical Equilibrium I

1. Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here)
2. Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes - Answer (click here)
3. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example - Answer (click here)
4. Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
5. Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of dissociation - Answer (click here)
6. Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here)
7. Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)

Chemical Kinetics I

1. Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here)
4. Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here)
5. Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here)
6. Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click here)
7. Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here)
8. Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here)
9. Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here)
10. Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here)
11. Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer (click here)

Organic Chemistry

Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

1. Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry - Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Organic Compounds: open chain, cyclic compounds - Answer (click here)

Subject : zoology

BIODIVERSITY

1. Biodiversity Explanation and Biodiversity in India - Answer (click here)
2. Taxonomic systems - Answer (click here)
3. Introduction to taxa and species - Answer (click here)
4. Phenetic method or Numerical taxonomy and Cytotaxonomy and Chemotaxonomy and Palaeotaxonomy Explaination - Answer (click here)
5. Nomenclature methods and Basic principles of nomenclature and Identification keys - Answer (click here)
6. Methods of grouping animals - Answer (click here)
7. Phylum : Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata or Cnidaria - Answer (click here)
8. Phylum: Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here)
9. Phylum : Nematoda and Annelida - Answer (click here)
10. Phylum : Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
11. Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here)
12. Phylum Chordata and Diversity and General Characters of Chordates - Answer (click here)
13. Classification of Phylum Chordata - Answer (click here)
14. Sub phylum : Vertebrata (Craniata) and Classification of Vertebrata - Class : Pisces and Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
15. Class : Amphibia - sub phylum Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
16. Class : Amniota - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
17. Class : Aves - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
18. Class : Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
19. Monotremata, Marsupialia and Placentalia -Classification of Class : Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
20. Scientific Names of Animals - Answer (click here)
21. Plasmodium - Answer (click here)
22. Life cycle in the mosquito - sporogony - Answer (click here)
23. Control of Malaria - Answer (click here)
24. Types of Malaria - Answer (click here)
25. Earthworm : External features , External apertures - Answer (click here)
26. Earthworm - Body wall ,Body Cavity,Locomotion - Answer (click here)
27. Earthworm - Digestive System, Feeding - Answer (click here)
28. Earthworm - Circulatory System - Answer (click here)
29. Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here)
30. Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here)
31. Earthworm : Nervous System - Answer (click here)
32. Earthworm : Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
33. Pigeon : External features - Answer (click here)
34. Pigeon : The wings - Answer (click here)
35. Pigeon : Exoskeleton , Quill feather - Answer (click here)
36. Pigeon : Endoskeleton : Flight muscles, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor or subclavius, Coracobrachialis - Answer (click here)
37. Pigeon - Digestive system - Answer (click here)
38. Pigeon - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
39. Pigeon - Circulatory system and Venous system - Answer (click here)
40. Nervous system and Sense organ of Pigeon - Answer (click here)
41. Pigeon - Urinogenital system and Male, Female reproductive organs - Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY

1. Cell Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Microscopy and Anton van Leeuwenhoek simple microscope - Answer (click here)
3. Compound light, Dark field, Phase contrast, Oil - immersion and Electron microscope - Answer (click here)
4. Cytological Techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Plasma Membrane - Answer (click here)
6. Mitochondria - Answer (click here)
7. Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
8. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum - Answer (click here)
9. Golgi apparatus - Answer (click here)
10. Lysosomes - Answer (click here)
11. Centrioles - Answer (click here)
12. Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here)
13. Chromosomes of Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here)
14. Cancer biology - Answer (click here)
15. Molecular biology of cancer - Answer (click here)
16. Types of cancer and factor causes cancer - Answer (click here)
17. Cancer and death - Answer (click here)
18. Management of cancer : Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

HUMAN ANATOMY

1. History of Human anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. The Integumentary System - Skin and hypodermis - Answer (click here)
3. The Integumentary System - hypodermis, Epidermis, Callus, Skin color, Hair, glands, Nails - Answer (click here)
4. Human Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of a typical long bone - Answer (click here)
6. Skull - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
7. Vertebrae - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
8. Rib cage - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
9. Appendicular skeleton - Pectoral girdle, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle or pelvis, Wrist, Hand, Leg, Ankle, Foot, Kinds of joints, Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, Synovial joints - Answer (click here)
10. Human Muscular System and Types of Muscular System - Answer (click here)
11. Skeletal muscles - Human Muscular System - Answer (click here)
12. Shapes of muscles and Naming of muscles - Human Muscular System - Answer (click here)
13. Distribution of human muscles - Muscles of the human head, Muscles of the Neck region, Muscles of the Trunk region, Muscles of the upper limb, Muscles of the lower limb - Answer (click here)
14. Human Entire Digestive system process with diagram - Mouth or Buccal cavity, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Stomach, Small intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum, Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas, Caecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal - Answer (click here)
15. Human Respiratory system with diagram - Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Thoracic wall and muscles of respirations - Answer (click here)
16. The Human Circulatory System - Systemic and Pulmonary circulations - Pulmonary circulation, Systemic circulation, Portal circulation - Answer (click here)
17. Components of Human Circulatory system : Blood vessels, Types of blood vessels, The Heart - Answer (click here)
18. The Human Heart structure with diagram - Answer (click here)
19. Human Lymphatic system - Lymphoid cells and tissues, Thymus, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, The lymphatic circulation - Answer (click here)
20. The structure of a peripheral nerve : Central nervous system (C N S) Peripheral nervous system Autonomous nervous system , brain - Answer (click here)
21. Human Brain : Prosencephalon (Fore brain), Mesencephalon (mid brain), Rhombencephalon (hind brain), Brain stem, Pachymenix, Leptomeninges - Answer (click here)
22. The Eye - Sensory Organ - Answer (click here)
23. Ears (The organs of hearing) - The Sensory Organ - Answer (click here)
24. Endocrine system and glands : Pituitary gland (or) Hypophysis, thyroid, parathy roids, pancreas, adrenals, testes and ovaries - Answer (click here)
25. Urinary system : kidneys (renes), ureters, the uri-nary bladder (vesica urinaria) and the urethra - Answer (click here)
26. Male reproductive organs - Answer (click here)
27. Female reproductive organs - Answer (click here)

GENETICS

1. GENETICS - Answer (click here)
2. Quantitive inheritance - GENETICS - Answer (click here)
3. Genetics : Sex determination in Human beings - Answer (click here)
4. Male haploidy or Haplo-diploidy mechanism - Answer (click here)
5. Genetics : Sex - linked Inheritance - Answer (click here)
6. Genetics : Pleiotropy - Answer (click here)

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

1. Developmental Biology - Gametogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Fertilization - Answer (click here)
2. Types of eggs - Answer (click here)
3. Cleavage and types - Frog's egg - Answer (click here)
4. Gastrulation in frog embryo - Answer (click here)
5. Organogenesis of Frog - Answer (click here)

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

1. Corals - reef builders - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click here)
2. Earthworm - Vermiculture - Answer (click here)
3. Uses and types of Beneficial Insects : Productive Insects - Honey bee, Silk worms, Lac insects. Helpful Insects : Insect - Predators - Answer (click here)
4. Prawns, Lobsters and Crabs - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click here)
5. Pearl Oyster - Answer (click here)
6. Fishes - Nutritive value - Answer (click here)
7. Guano (Bird excreta) - Answer (click here)
8. Aquarium - Setting up an aquarium tank - Answer (click here)
9. Vivarium ( Zoo ) and List of important Zoos - Answer (click here)
10. Disease causing organisms - Vectors : Housefly - Musca domestica, Sand flies - Phlebotomus papatasi, Rat fleas - Xenopsylla cheopis, The human louse - Pediculus humanus, Mosquitoes : Anopheles, Culex, Aedes sp - Answer (click here)
11. Poisonous Organisms : Physalia, Scorpion, Centipede, Honey bees and Wasps, Poisonous fishes, Poisonous snakes - Answer (click here)
12. Poisonous snakes : Cobra, Krait, Vipers, Sea Snakes and Poison Apparatus of a Snake - Answer (click here)
13. Fouling Organisms - Answer (click here)
14. Pests - Pests of Crops : Cotton, Paddy, Sugarcane, Vegetables, Coconut palm, Stored grains, household goods - Answer (click here)

ORIGIN OF LIFE

1. ORIGIN OF LIFE - Theories - Answer (click here)
2. Geological time scale : Palaeozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era - Answer (click here)
3. Fossils : Fossilization, Evolutionary significance of fossils, List of Important fossils - Answer (click here)
4. Extinct animals-mass extinction : Causes and Pattern of extiniction - Answer (click here)

Subject : Economics

1 Economic Growth and Development

1. Indian Economy : Economic Growth and Development - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristics of underdeveloped countries - Answer (click here)
3. Role of the State in Economic Development - Answer (click here)
4. Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth - Answer (click here)

2 Population

1. Population and Factors determining population growth - Answer (click here)
2. Causes of Population Explosion - Answer (click here)
3. Population Explosion as an obstacle to Economic Development - Answer (click here)
4. Steps to check rapid growth of population - Answer (click here)
5. Theories of Population : Malthusian, Demographic Transition - Answer (click here)
6. Census and The Use of Population Census - Answer (click here)
7. Population growth in India and National Population Policy 2000 - Measures, Action Plans - Answer (click here)

3 Poverty and Unemployment

1. Definitions of Poverty - Answer (click here)
2. Types of poverty - Answer (click here)
3. Poverty Line and Characteristics of Poor Households - Answer (click here)
4. Causes of Poverty in India - Answer (click here)
5. Land Reforms in India - Answer (click here)
6. Unemployment - Answer (click here)
7. Measures to Solve Unemployment Problem in India - Answer (click here)

4 National Income

1. Definitions of National Income - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Concepts of National Income - GNP, GDP, GNI, NNP, NNI, PCI - Answer (click here)
3. Circular Flow of Income and Need for the Study of National Income - Answer (click here)
4. Methods of Calculating National Income - Answer (click here)
5. Problems in calculating National Income - Answer (click here)
6. National Income Series in India - Answer (click here)

5 Economic Planning

1. Meaning and Need for Economic Planning and Laissez faire - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristics of Economic Planning - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Planning - Answer (click here)
4. Evolution and Objectives of Planning in India - Answer (click here)
5. National Income - Hindu rate of growth - Answer (click here)
6. Ninth(9th) Five Year Plan (1997 - 2002) - India - Answer (click here)
7. Tenth(10th) Five Year Plan (2002 - 2007) - India - Answer (click here)

6 Agriculture

1. Role of Agriculture in Economic Development - Answer (click here)
2. Relationship between Agricultural and non-agricultural sector - Answer (click here)
3. Components of Agricultural Growth - Answer (click here)
4. Agricul.tural Crops and Cropping Pattern - Answer (click here)
5. Importance of agricultural marketing - Answer (click here)
6. Nature and Causes of food problem in India - Answer (click here)
7. Food policy of Government of India - Answer (click here)
8. Public Distribution System (PDS) - Answer (click here)
9. Agricultural Price Policies of the Government - India - Answer (click here)
10. Trends of Agricultural Productivity in India - Answer (click here)

7 Industrial Sector

1. Need for Industrialisation - Answer (click here)
2. Patterns of Industrial Development - Answer (click here)
3. Significance of Public Sector - Answer (click here)
4. Pattern of Indian Industrial Growth - Textiles, Cement, Sugar, Steel Industry - Answer (click here)
5. Indian Industrial Policies - Answer (click here)
6. New Industrial Policy 1991 - India - Answer (click here)
7. Liberalization and Privatization - Answer (click here)
8. Environmental Hazards - Answer (click here)
9. Role of Small Scale Industries in Economic Development - Answer (click here)

8 Banking

1. Indian Economy :History of Banking - Answer (click here)
2. Definition of Banking - Answer (click here)
3. Role of Banks in economic development - Answer (click here)
4. Commercial Banks and Functions of Commercial Banks - Answer (click here)
5. central bank - Definition, Functions - Answer (click here)
6. Methods of credit control employed by the central bank - Answer (click here)
7. Nationalisation of Banks - Answer (click here)

9 Foreign Trade

1. Foreign Trade : Globalization, Liberalization - Answer (click here)
2. Foreign Investment - Answer (click here)
3. Evolution of Trade from barter system to money economy - Answer (click here)
4. Need for International Trade - Answer (click here)
5. Contribution of foreign trade to economic development - Answer (click here)
6. International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Answer (click here)
7. Trends in Foreign Trade - Answer (click here)
8. Volume of India's foreign trade - Answer (click here)
9. Composition and Direction of Trade - Export, Imports of India - Answer (click here)
10. Balance of Trade and Balance of Payment - Answer (click here)
11. The Role of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - Answer (click here)
12. World Trade Organization (WTO) and Major Functions - Answer (click here)
13. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - Answer (click here)
14. Special Action Programme (SAP) and Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) - Answer (click here)
15. IFC, IDA, MIGA - Answer (click here)

10 Human Resource Development

1. Human Resource Development - Answer (click here)
2. HRD and Economic Development - Answer (click here)
3. Educational Development in India since 1951 - Answer (click here)
4. Educational progress in Tamil Nadu - Answer (click here)
5. Non - Formal Education (NFE) and Adult Literacy - Answer (click here)
6. Early childhood care and education programme in India - Answer (click here)

11 Statistical Analysis and Measures of Central Tendency

1. Statistical Analysis and Measures of Central Tendency - Answer (click here)
2. Statistical Analysis : Classification of Data - Answer (click here)
3. Difference between classification and Tabulation - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Diagrams : 1.Bar chart 2.Pie chart 3.Pictograms or cartograms - Answer (click here)

Subject : History

India

1. The Himalayan Mountains - Answer (click here)
2. The Indo-Gangetic Plain - Answer (click here)
3. The Southern Peninsula - Answer (click here)
4. India - A Land of Unity in Diversity - Answer (click here)
5. Paleolithic or Old Stone Age - Answer (click here)
6. Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age - Answer (click here)
7. Neolithic Age - Answer (click here)
8. Metal Age - Answer (click here)
9. The Harappan Civilization - Answer (click here)
10. Salient Features of the Harappan Culture - Answer (click here)
11. The vedic culture - Answer (click here)
12. Rig Vedic Age or Early Vedic Period (1500 - 1000 B.C.) - Answer (click here)
13. Later Vedic Period (1000 - 600 B.C.) - Answer (click here)
14. Causes for the Rise of Jainism and Buddhism - Answer (click here)
15. Life and Teachings of Vardhamana Mahavira (539- 467 B.C.) and Spread of Jainism - Answer (click here)
16. Life and Teachings of Gautama Buddha And Spread of Buddhism - Answer (click here)
17. The rise of magadha and alexander's invasion - Answer (click here)
18. Persian and greek invasions - Answer (click here)
19. Alexander's Invasion of India - Answer (click here)
20. The mauryan empire - Answer (click here)
21. Political history of the mauryas chandragupta Maurya - Answer (click here)
22. Extent of Asoka's Empire - Answer (click here)
23. Mauryan Administration - Answer (click here)
24. Post-mauryan india - Answer (click here)
25. Foreign Invasions of Northwest India - Answer (click here)
26. History : Kanishka (78 - 120 A.D.) - Answer (click here)
27. Sangam age and Sangam Literature - Answer (click here)
28. Sangam age Political History - Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas - Answer (click here)
29. Sangam age - Society, Religion, Position of Women, Fine Arts - Answer (click here)
30. Economy of the Sangam Age - Answer (click here)
31. History : Gupta empire - Chandragupta I, II ,Samudragupta - Answer (click here)
32. History : Samudragupta and Extant of Samudragupta's Empire - Answer (click here)
33. History : Chandragupta II - Estimate, Successors, Western India Conquest - Answer (click here)
34. Gupta Administration and Social Life - Answer (click here)
35. Gupta Empire - Art, Culture,Architecture, Literature, Science - Answer (click here)
36. History : Harshavardhana - Early Life of Harsha - Answer (click here)
37. Harshavardhana - Harsha's Military Conquests - Answer (click here)
38. Harshavardhana - Kanauj Assembly, Allahabad Conference - Answer (click here)
39. Harsha's Administration, Society and Economy - Answer (click here)
40. Harshavardhana - Nalanda University - Answer (click here)
41. South Indian Kingdoms - I : PallavasOrgin and History - Answer (click here)
42. Pallavas - Mahendravarman I - Answer (click here)
43. Pallavas - Narasimhavarman I (630-668 A.D.) - Answer (click here)
44. Pallavas - Narasimhavarman II or Rajasimha - Answer (click here)
45. Administration and Society under the Pallavas - Answer (click here)
46. Pallava - Education, Literature, Pallava Art and Architecture - Answer (click here)
47. South Indian Kingdoms : Chalukyas, Pulakesin II - Answer (click here)
48. Art, Architecture, Administration, Social Life under the Chalukyas - Answer (click here)
49. Rashtrakutas - South Indian Kingdom - Answer (click here)
50. Rashtrakutas - Administration, Society, Cultural, Economy, Art and Architecture - Answer (click here)
51. Imperial cholas - Rajaraja I, Rajendra I - Answer (click here)
52. Chola Administration - Government, Revenue, Provincial, Military - Answer (click here)
53. Chola Kingdom : Socio-economic Life - Answer (click here)
54. Chola Kingdom : Education, Literature, Art and Architecture - Answer (click here)
55. The spread of indian culture in other asian countries - Answer (click here)
56. Indian Culture in South East Asia - Answer (click here)
57. Indian culture in Central Asia - Answer (click here)
58. Early medieval india - Answer (click here)
59. Rajput Kingdoms - Answer (click here)
60. Arab Conquest of Sind (712 A.D.) - Answer (click here)
61. Mahmud of Ghazni and his Invasions - Answer (click here)
62. Muhammad Ghori and The Battle of Tarain - Answer (click here)
63. Delhi sultanate - Qutbuddin Aibak - Answer (click here)
64. Delhi sultanate - Slave Dynasty - Answer (click here)
65. Delhi sultanate - Ilbari dynasty by Iltutmish - Answer (click here)
66. Delhi sultanate - First Ilbari dynasty : Iltutmish, Raziya, Balban - Answer (click here)
67. Delhi sultanate - Second Ilbari dynasty : Balban, Khalji, Alauddin Khalji - Answer (click here)
68. Era of Balban (1246-1287) - Answer (click here)
69. Delhi sultanate - The Khalji Dynasty - Answer (click here)
70. Delhi sultanate - The Tughlaq Dynasty - Answer (click here)
71. Delhi sultanate - Firoz Tughlaq - Answer (click here)
72. Delhi sultanate - Muhammad bin Tughlaq - Answer (click here)
73. Delhi sultanate - Sayyids and Lodis - Answer (click here)
74. India under the delhi sultanate - Answer (click here)
75. Delhi sultanate - Administration and Government - Answer (click here)
76. Delhi sultanate - Social Life - Answer (click here)
77. Delhi sultanate - Art, Architecture, Literature and Music - Answer (click here)
78. Bhakti movement in medieval india - Answer (click here)
79. Bhakti Movement - Answer (click here)
80. Bhakti Movement - Ramananda, Kabir, Guru Nanak, Chaitanya, Gnanadeva, Namadeva, Ekanatha - Answer (click here)
81. Vijayanagar and bahmani kingdoms - Sources, Political History - Answer (click here)
82. Krishna Deva Raya - Answer (click here)
83. Krishna Deva Raya - Administration and Social Life - Answer (click here)
84. Krishna Deva Raya - Economic Condition, Cultural Contributions - Answer (click here)
85. Bahmani Kingdom and Mahmud Gawan - Answer (click here)
86. The mughal empire : Babur - Answer (click here)
87. The mughal empire : Humayun - Answer (click here)
88. The mughal empire : Sher Shah Sur - Answer (click here)
89. The mughal empire : Humayun and Sur Interregnum - Answer (click here)
90. The mughal empire : Akbar - Administration, Mansabdari System - Answer (click here)
91. The mughal empire : Jahangir and Nur Jahan - Answer (click here)
92. The mughal empire : Shah Jahan - Answer (click here)
93. The mughal empire : Aurangazeb - Deccan and Religious Policy - Answer (click here)
94. Causes for the Downfall of the Mughals - Answer (click here)
95. India under the mughals - Answer (click here)
96. The mughal empire : Art and Architecture - Answer (click here)
97. The mughal empire : Paintings and Music - Answer (click here)
98. The mughal empire : Rural Masses, Agriculture, Growth of Trade - Answer (click here)
99. The Marathas - The Rise of the Marathas - Answer (click here)
100. The Marathas - Shivaji : His Life, Conquests and Administration - Answer (click here)
101. The Peshwas - Balaji Viswanath, Balaji Baji Rao, Baji Rao I - Answer (click here)
102. The coming of Europeans to India - Answer (click here)

Subject : Geography

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE

Human and their Environment

1. Human and their Environment - Answer (click here)
2. The impacts of science technology and industrialization on environment - Answer (click here)
3. Earth System Science - Answer (click here)

Earth System Science

1. The Earth system - Answer (click here)
2. The Planetary System and The Solar System - Answer (click here)

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS

Lithosphere and Tectonic Plates

1. Lithosphere and tectonic plates - Answer (click here)
2. Lithosphere : Convergent Boundary - Answer (click here)
3. The Continents and its features - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Rocks : Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic rocks - Answer (click here)
5. Weathering and Products of Weathering - Answer (click here)

Hydrosphere and Currents

1. Hydrosphere : Sea and Ocean Differance - Answer (click here)
2. Ocean Floor topography - Answer (click here)
3. Ocean Wave, The Currents : 4 currents of North Atlantic Ocean Gyre - Answer (click here)
4. E1 Nino years and La Nino years - Answer (click here)

Atmosphere and Solar Radiation

1. Atmosphere and Solar Radiation - Answer (click here)
2. Layers of the Atmosphere - Answer (click here)
3. Ozone - Depleting Substances and Urban heat islands - Answer (click here)

BIOTIC COMPONENTS

Nutrient Cycles and Ecosystems

1. Nutrient cycles and ecosystems - Answer (click here)
2. The Carbon Cycle - Answer (click here)
3. The Nitrogen Cycle - Answer (click here)
4. The Phosphorous Cycle - Answer (click here)
5. Major Components of an Ecosystem and Ecosystem Types - Answer (click here)

The Biomes : Natural and Agricultural

1. Natural Biomes : Forests, Grasslands, Deserts, Tundra - Answer (click here)
2. Agricultural Biome : 1.Nutrients 2.Seeds: 3.Water 4.Agri Chemical Products - Answer (click here)

Ecosystem Management and Conservation

1. Ecosystem - Concept Maps - Answer (click here)
2. Ecosystem management and conservation : Current Extinction Rates - Answer (click here)

Subject : Botany

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS : Types of classification - Answer (click here)
2. Biosystematics nomenclature - Answer (click here)
3. Binomial nomenclature - Answer (click here)
4. Herbaria and uses, Importance of Herbaria - Answer (click here)
5. Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants : Dicotyledonae, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae - Answer (click here)
6. Merits and Demerits of Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants - Answer (click here)
7. DICOT FAMILIES : MALVACEAE - the cotton family - Answer (click here)
8. Botanical description of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Answer (click here)
9. FABACEAE - the bean family - Answer (click here)
10. Botanical description and Economical of Clitoria ternatea - Answer (click here)
11. RUBIACEAE - the coffee family - Answer (click here)
12. Botanical description and Economic Importance of Ixora coccinea - Answer (click here)
13. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower family - Answer (click here)
14. Botanical description and Economic importance of Tridax procumbens - Answer (click here)
15. SOLANACEAE - the potato family - Answer (click here)
16. Botanical description and Economic importance of Datura metal - Answer (click here)
17. EUPHORBIACEAE - the castor family - Answer (click here)
18. Botanical description and Economic importance of Ricinus communis - Answer (click here)
19. MUSACEAE - the banana family Systematic position - Answer (click here)
20. Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa paradisiaca - Answer (click here)
21. ARECACEAE - the palm family - Answer (click here)
22. Botanical description and Economic importance of Cocos nucifera - Answer (click here)

PLANT ANATOMY

1. Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue - Answer (click here)
3. Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma - Answer (click here)
4. Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem - Answer (click here)
5. Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres - Answer (click here)
6. Epidermal tissue system and its functions - Answer (click here)
7. Vascular tissue system - Answer (click here)
8. Ground or fundamental tissue system - Answer (click here)
9. Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root - Answer (click here)
10. Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root - Answer (click here)
11. Primary structure of monocot stem - Maize stem - Answer (click here)
12. Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem - Sunflower stem - Answer (click here)
13. Anatomy of a dicot leaf - Sunflower leaf - Answer (click here)
14. Anatomy of a monocot leaf - Grass leaf - Answer (click here)
15. Secondary growth in dicot stem - Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

1. Structure of chromosome - Answer (click here)
2. Types of chromosomes - Answer (click here)
3. Special types of chromosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Gene and genome - Answer (click here)
5. Linkage and crossing over - Answer (click here)
6. Significance of crossing over and Uses of gene mapping - Answer (click here)
7. Recombination of chromosome - Answer (click here)
8. Gene mutation : Significance, Classification, Mutagenic agents - Answer (click here)
9. Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Answer (click here)
10. Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Answer (click here)
11. Hereditary role of DNA - Bacterial transformation - Answer (click here)
12. Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
13. Function and Replication of DNA - Answer (click here)
14. Structure of RNA and its types - Answer (click here)
15. Characteristics of genetic code and Central dogma of molecular biology - Answer (click here)

BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Recombinant DNA technology - Answer (click here)
2. Gene transfer in plants - Answer (click here)
3. How DNA is cut? - Answer (click here)
4. Transgenic plants : foreign gene, Transgenic (modified) plants - Answer (click here)
5. Practical application of genetic transformation - Answer (click here)
6. Use of genetically engineered bacterial strain - Answer (click here)
7. Concept of Plant tissue culture - Answer (click here)
8. Applications of plant tissue culture - Answer (click here)
9. Basic techniques of plant tissue culture - Answer (click here)
10. Protoplast fusion : Isolation of protoplast - Mechanical and Enzymatic method - Answer (click here)
11. Single cell protein (SCP) - Answer (click here)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

1. Enzymes : Classification, Properties of Enzymes - Answer (click here)
2. Theories explaining the mechanism of enzyme action - Answer (click here)
3. Significance of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
4. Site of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, Mechanism of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
6. EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : 1.Ganong's light screen 2.Test tube and funnel experiment - Answer (click here)
7. Plant Mode of nutrition - Answer (click here)
8. Chemosynthesis - Chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs - Answer (click here)
9. Plant Respiration and structure of ATP - Answer (click here)
10. Plant Respiration : Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
11. Plant Respiration : Krebs cycle and Significance of Krebs cycle - Answer (click here)
12. Plant Respiration : Electron transport chain - Answer (click here)
13. Plant Respiration : Pentose phosphate pathway - Answer (click here)
14. Kuhne's fermentation tube experiment - Answer (click here)
15. Plant growth and Measurement of plant growth - Answer (click here)
16. auxins and Physiological effects of auxin - Answer (click here)
17. Gibberellins and Physiological effects of gibberellin - Answer (click here)
18. Physiological effects of cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid - Answer (click here)
19. Photoperiodism and vernalization - Answer (click here)

BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

1. BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE : Food production - Answer (click here)
2. Plant breeding : Aims, Major Aspects of plant breeding - Answer (click here)
3. Plant Breeding : Selection - Answer (click here)
4. Plant Breeding : Hybridization, Mutation breeding - Answer (click here)
5. Plant breeding : Genetic engineering - Answer (click here)
6. Role of biofertilizers and Benefits from biofertilizers - Answer (click here)
7. Plant Disease in Rice - Oryza sativa - Answer (click here)
8. Plant Tikka disease in Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogea - Answer (click here)
9. Citrus canker and Tungro disease of rice - Answer (click here)
10. Biopesticides and Biocontrol of insect pests - Answer (click here)
11. Genetically modified food : Edible, Edible, Edible antibodies - Answer (click here)
12. Bio-war - Answer (click here)
13. Bio-piracy - Answer (click here)
14. Bio-patent - Answer (click here)
15. Sustained agriculture - Answer (click here)
16. Medicinal plants including microbes - Answer (click here)
17. Commonly available medicinal plants and microbes - Answer (click here)
18. Economic importance Plants : Food, Rice, Oil, Fibre, Timber yielding plant - Answer (click here)

Subject : Physics

Electrostatics

1. Electrostatics - frictional electricity - Answer (click here)
2. Basic properties of electric charge - Answer (click here)
3. Definition of Coulomb's law , Principle of Superposition, Electric Field, Electric Field Intensity (E) - Answer (click here)
4. Electric Field: Definition of Electric lines of force and Properties of lines of forces - Answer (click here)
5. Electric potential: Definition of Electric potential and Relation between electric field and potential - Answer (click here)
6. Gauss's law and its applications - Answer (click here)
7. Electrostatic induction - Answer (click here)
8. Principle of a capacitor and Energy stored in a capacitor - Answer (click here)
9. Lightning conductor -Van de Graaff Generator- working principle and construction - Answer (click here)

Current Electricity

1. Definition of Electric current and discription of Current Electricity - Answer (click here)
2. Combination of resistors: Resistors in series and parallel - Answer (click here)
3. Kirchoff's law and Potentiometer - Answer (click here)
4. Superconductivity Defination and Applications of superconductors - Answer (click here)
5. Carbon resistors and Colour code for carbon resistors - Answer (click here)
6. Temperature dependence of resistance and Internal resistance of a cell - Answer (click here)
7. Electric energy and electric power - Answer (click here)
8. Faraday's laws of electrolysis | Chemical effect of current | Verification of Faraday's laws of electrolysis - Answer (click here)
9. Electric cells and Voltaic cell - Answer (click here)
10. Primary Cell - Daniel cell, Leclanche cell - Answer (click here)
11. Secondary Cells - Lead - Acid accumulator - Applications of secondary cells - Answer (click here)

Effects of Electric Current

1. Applications of Joule heating - Answer (click here)
2. Seebeck effect - Answer (click here)
3. Neutral and Inversion temperature - Answer (click here)
4. Peltier effect and Peltier Co-efficient (π) - Answer (click here)
5. Thomson effect and Thomson coefficient (σ) - Answer (click here)
6. Thermopile - Answer (click here)
7. Biot - Savart Law - Answer (click here)
8. Tangent galvanometer : Theory and Construction of Tangent galvanometer - Answer (click here)
9. Solenoid and Right hand palm rule - Answer (click here)
10. Magnetic Lorentz force - Answer (click here)
11. Cyclotron- Principle, Construction, Working and Limitations of Cyclotron - Answer (click here)
12. Moving coil galvanometer : Principle, Construction, Pointer type moving coil galvanometer, Current sensitivity of a galvanometer - Answer (click here)
13. Heating effect : Joule's law - Answer (click here)
14. Verification of Joule's law - Answer (click here)
15. Magnetic effect of current - Answer (click here)
16. Magnetic field around a straight conductor carrying current - Answer (click here)
17. Magnetic field due to a circular loop carrying current - Answer (click here)
18. Biot Savart Law and Magnetic induction - Answer (click here)
19. Ampere's Circuital Law - Answer (click here)
20. Magnetic induction due to a long solenoid carrying current - Answer (click here)
21. Magnetic Lorentz force and Cyclotron - Answer (click here)
22. Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field - Answer (click here)
23. Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field - Answer (click here)
24. Force between two long parallel current-carrying conductors - Answer (click here)
25. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field - Answer (click here)
26. Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter - Answer (click here)
27. Conversion of galvanometer into a voltmeter - Answer (click here)
28. Current loop as a magnetic dipole - Answer (click here)
29. The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron - Answer (click here)

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

1. AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase and AC generator (Alternator) - Three phase - Answer (click here)
2. Eddy currents and Applications of Eddy current - Answer (click here)
3. Transformer Principle - Efficiency of a transformer - Energy losses in a transformer - Answer (click here)
4. Electromagnetic induction - Answer (click here)
5. Magnetic flux - Answer (click here)
6. Induced emf and current - Electromagnetic induction - Answer (click here)
7. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction - Answer (click here)
8. Lenz's law - Answer (click here)
9. Self Induction - Answer (click here)
10. Coefficient of self induction - Answer (click here)
11. Self inductance of a long solenoid - Answer (click here)
12. Mutual induction and Coefficient of mutual induction - Answer (click here)
13. Methods of producing induced emf - Answer (click here)
14. AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase - Answer (click here)
15. Eddy currents - Answer (click here)
16. Transformer - Answer (click here)
17. Long distance power transmission - Answer (click here)
18. Alternating current - Answer (click here)
19. AC Circuit with resistor, inductor and capacitor - Answer (click here)
20. Choke coil: Construction and Working - Answer (click here)

Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Optics

1. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman(C.V.Raman) Life - Answer (click here)
2. Uses of electromagnetic spectrum - Answer (click here)
3. Types of spectra - Emission spectra, Line spectrum, Band Spectrum, Absorption Spectra - Answer (click here)
4. Fraunhofer lines - Fluorescence - Phosphorescence - Answer (click here)
5. Theories of light : Corpuscular theory, Wave theory, Electromagnetic theory, Quantum theory - Answer (click here)
6. Scattering of light : Tyndal scattering, Raman effect - Answer (click here)
7. Wave front : Huygen's principle - Answer (click here)
8. Condition for sustained interference and Young's double slit experiment - Answer (click here)
9. Newton's rings : Experiment, Theory - Answer (click here)
10. Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction - Answer (click here)
11. Diffraction grating explanation with Theory - Answer (click here)
12. Polarisation of transverse waves - Answer (click here)
13. Double refraction - Answer (click here)
14. Polaroids explanation and Uses of Polaroid - Answer (click here)
15. Nicol prism and Types of crystals - Answer (click here)
16. Optical activity - Answer (click here)
17. Specific rotation - Answer (click here)
18. Electromagnetic Waves and Wave optics - Answer (click here)
19. Characteristics of electromagnetic waves - Answer (click here)
20. Hertz experiment - Answer (click here)
21. Types of spectra - Answer (click here)
22. Theories of light - Answer (click here)
23. Scattering of light - Answer (click here)
24. Wave front - Answer (click here)
25. Superposition principle - Answer (click here)
26. Diffraction - Answer (click here)
27. Polarisation - Answer (click here)

Atomic Physics

1. Discharge of electricity through gases at low pressure - Discovery of electrons - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of Cathode rays - Answer (click here)
3. Canal rays and Properties of Positive rays (or) Canal rays - Answer (click here)
4. Thomson's method - Determination of specific charge (e/m) of an electron - Answer (click here)
5. Millikan's oil drop experiment - Determination of charge of an electron - Answer (click here)
6. Thomson atom model and its Drawbacks - Answer (click here)
7. Rutherford's α - particle scattering experiment - Answer (click here)
8. Rutherford atom model and its Drawbacks - Answer (click here)
9. Bohr atom model - Answer (click here)
10. Spectral series of hydrogen atom and Energy level diagram - Answer (click here)
11. Excitation and ionization potential of an atom - Answer (click here)
12. Shortcomings of Bohr's theory - Answer (click here)
13. Sommerfeld atom model and its Drawbacks - Answer (click here)
14. Production of X-rays - Modern Coolidge tube - Answer (click here)
15. Types of X-rays: Soft and Hard X-rays - Answer (click here)
16. Properties of X-rays - Answer (click here)
17. Detection, Diffraction and Absorption of X-rays - Answer (click here)
18. Laue experiment - Answer (click here)
19. Bragg's law for X-ray diffraction - Answer (click here)
20. Bragg's X-ray spectrometer - Answer (click here)
21. X-ray spectra - continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra - Answer (click here)
22. Moseley's law and Applications of Moseley's law - Answer (click here)
23. Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of X-rays - Answer (click here)
24. Spontaneous and stimulated emission of Laser - Answer (click here)
25. Ruby laser - Generation Process and Energy Level - Answer (click here)
26. Helium neon laser - Generation Process and Energy Level - Answer (click here)
27. Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of laser - Answer (click here)

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter and Relativity

1. Photoelectric effect - Dual Nature of Radiation - Answer (click here)
2. Hallwachs Experiment - photo electric effect - Answer (click here)
3. Effect of potential difference on the photoelectric current - Answer (click here)
4. Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential - Answer (click here)
5. Laws of photoelectric emission - Answer (click here)
6. Einstein's photoelectric equation - Answer (click here)
7. Photoelectric cells and their types, applications - Answer (click here)
8. de Broglie wavelength of matter waves and an electron - Answer (click here)
9. Electron microscope: Construction, working, Uses, Limitations - Answer (click here)
10. Relativity: Concept of Space and Frame of reference - Answer (click here)
11. Special theory of relativity - Answer (click here)
12. Einstein's mass-energy equivalence - Answer (click here)

Nuclear Physics

1. Classification of nuclei and Properties of nucleus Nuclear size - Answer (click here)
2. Explanation of Nuclear binding energy curve - Answer (click here)
3. Bainbridge mass spectrometer - Determination of isotopic masses of nuclei - Answer (click here)
4. Nuclear force and Radioactivity - Answer (click here)
5. Properties of Alpha α, beta β and gamma γ rays - Answer (click here)
6. Radioactive displacement law - Answer (click here)
7. Neutron - Discovery and Properties of neutrons - Answer (click here)
8. Artificial radioactivity - Answer (click here)
9. Applications of radio-isotopes - Answer (click here)
10. Biological hazards of nuclear radiations - Answer (click here)
11. Artificial radioactivity transmutation and Particle accelerators - Answer (click here)
12. Geiger - Muller counter: Construction and Operation - Answer (click here)
13. Energy released in Nuclear fission - Answer (click here)
14. Radioactive Chain reaction - Answer (click here)
15. Atom bomb - Principle and construction - Answer (click here)
16. Nuclear reactor: Design and Function of parts, Uses - Answer (click here)
17. Nuclear power programme in India - Answer (click here)
18. Nuclear fusion: Hydrogen bomb and Stellar energy - Answer (click here)
19. Cosmic Rays: Latitude effect, Altitude effect, Cosmic ray showers - Answer (click here)
20. Elementary particles of atom - new nuclear particles - Answer (click here)

Semiconductor Devices and their Applications

1. Semiconductors: Energy band in solids - Answer (click here)
2. Semiconductors: Valence band, conduction band and forbidden energy gap - Answer (click here)
3. Insulators, semiconductors and conductors - forbidden energy gap - Answer (click here)
4. Electrons and holes in semiconductors - Answer (click here)
5. Intrinsic semiconductor - Answer (click here)
6. Extrinsic semiconductor: N and P -type semiconductor - Answer (click here)
7. PN Junction diode: Forward and Reverse bias characteristics - Answer (click here)
8. PN junction diode as Half wave and Bridge wave rectifier - Answer (click here)
9. Avalanche and zener Breakdown mechanisms - Answer (click here)
10. Zener diode and Zener diode as voltage regulator - Answer (click here)
11. Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Answer (click here)
12. Junction transistor - Answer (click here)
13. Working of a PNP transistor - Answer (click here)
14. Transistor circuit configurations - Answer (click here)
15. Characteristics of an NPN transistor in common emitter configuration - Answer (click here)
16. Transistor as a switch - Answer (click here)
17. Transistor amplifier - Operating point, Working - Answer (click here)
18. Transistor biasing - Voltage divider bias - Answer (click here)
19. Single stage CE amplifier - Answer (click here)
20. Multistage amplifiers - Answer (click here)
21. Feedback in amplifiers- Principle of feedback and - Answer (click here)
22. Transistor oscillators - Barkhausen condition for oscillation - Answer (click here)
23. Generation of sinusoidal waves by a tuned LC circuit - Answer (click here)
24. Essentials of LC oscillator - Answer (click here)
25. Colpitt's oscillator - Answer (click here)
26. Integrated circuit (IC) - Answer (click here)
27. Digital electronics - Analog signal, Digital signal and logic levels - Answer (click here)
28. Basic logic gates using discrete components - Answer (click here)
29. Operational amplifier (OP - AMP) - Answer (click here)
30. Circuit symbol and Pin-out configuration of an OP-AMP - Answer (click here)
31. Basic OP-AMP circuits: Inverting, Non-inverting, Summing, Difference amplifier - Answer (click here)
32. Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) - Answer (click here)
33. Multimeter - Answer (click here)

Communication Systems

1. Propagation of electromagnetic waves - Answer (click here)
2. Amplitude modulation (AM): Modulation factor, Analysis, Advantages, Limitations - Answer (click here)
3. Frequency modulation (FM): Advantages and Disadvantages - Answer (click here)
4. Phase modulation (PM) - Answer (click here)
5. Radio transmission - AM, FM transmitter and AF, RF section - Answer (click here)
6. Radio reception: simple, AM and FM receiver - Answer (click here)
7. Television: Construction and Working of Vidicon camera tube - Answer (click here)
8. Television: Scanning and synchronising - Answer (click here)
9. Monochrome picture tube - Answer (click here)
10. Monochrome TV transmission - Answer (click here)
11. Monochrome TV receiver - Answer (click here)
12. RADAR: Principle, Applications, Transmission and reception of radar - Answer (click here)
13. Analog communication and digital communication - Answer (click here)
14. Modem and Fax (or) Facsimile - Answer (click here)
15. Wire and Cable - Answer (click here)
16. Fiber optical communication: Advantages, Applications - Answer (click here)
17. Satellite Communication: Merits and Demerits - Answer (click here)

Subject : Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry

Atomic Structure II

1. Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here)
2. Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here)
3. Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here)
4. Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer (click here)
5. The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here)
6. de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click here)
7. The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here)
8. Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here)
9. Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals - Answer (click here)
10. Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular behaviour - Answer (click here)
11. Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical, Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here)
12. Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here)
13. Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces - Answer (click here)

Periodic Classification II

1. Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here)
2. Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)
3. Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click here)
4. Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here)
5. Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here)
6. Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here)
7. Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here)
8. Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)

p Block Elements

1. General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here)
2. Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here)
3. Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here)
4. Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here)
5. Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here)
7. Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
8. Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
9. Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
10. Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
11. Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)
12. Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here)
13. Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here)
14. Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
15. Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click here)
16. Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here)
17. Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here)
18. Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method - Answer (click here)
19. Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)

d Block Elements

1. Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer (click here)
2. General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here)
3. Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)
4. Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and alloys - Answer (click here)
5. Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)
6. silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)
7. Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)
8. Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process - Answer (click here)
9. Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)
10. Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)
11. Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)
12. Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)

f Block Elements

1. General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click here)
2. General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here)
3. General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here)
4. Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here)
5. Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here)
6. Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)

Coordination Compounds and BioCoordination Compounds

1. Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here)
4. Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond theory - Answer (click here)
5. Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here)
6. Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click here)

Nuclear Chemistry

1. Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here)
2. Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here)
4. Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here)
5. Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)

Physical Chemistry

Solid State II

1. Types of Cubic System - Answer (click here)
2. Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Answer (click here)
3. Types Of Crystals - Answer (click here)
4. Imperfections In Solids - Answer (click here)
5. Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Answer (click here)
6. Glasses - Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)

Thermodynamics II

1. Limitations Of First Law Of Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
2. Second law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
3. Entropy And Entropy Change - Answer (click here)
4. Characteristics of entropy 'S' - Answer (click here)
5. Gibbs free energy 'G' and Standard free energy (G�) - Answer (click here)
6. Characteristics of Free energy 'G' - Answer (click here)
7. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)

Chemical Equilibrium II

1. Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)
2. Attainment Of Equilibrium In Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)

Chemical Kinetics II

1. Rate And Order Of A Reaction - Answer (click here)
2. Rate equation for first order reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Pseudo-First Order Reactions - Answer (click here)
4. Determination of rate constant of acid catalysed hydrolysis of an ester - Answer (click here)
5. Temperature Dependance Of Rate Constant - Answer (click here)
6. Simple And Complex Reactions : Difference and Types - Answer (click here)

Surface Chemistry

1. Classification, Factors affecting of adsorption of gases on solids - Answer (click here)
2. General characteristics and Types of catalytic reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Types of catalysts - Answer (click here)
4. Theories Of Catalysis - Answer (click here)
5. Colloids and Types of Colloids - Answer (click here)
6. Preparation Of Colloids : Dispersion and Condensation method - Answer (click here)
7. Purification Methods Of Sols - Answer (click here)
8. Properties of Colloids - Answer (click here)
9. Natural and Technical Applications Of Colloids - Answer (click here)
10. Emulsions and Types of emulsions - Answer (click here)

Electro Chemistry I

1. Electro Chemistry: Conductors , Insulators And Semi Conductors - Answer (click here)
2. Theory Of Electrolytic Conductance - Answer (click here)
3. Postulates of Arrhenius Theory - Answer (click here)
4. Evidences of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation - Answer (click here)
5. Ostwald's dilution law for weak electrolytes - Answer (click here)
6. Faraday's Laws Of Electrolysis - Answer (click here)
7. Electrical Conductance Quantities - Answer (click here)
8. Variation Of Equivalent Conductance With Concentration - Answer (click here)
9. Kohlraush's Law - Application with example - Answer (click here)
10. Ionic Product Of Water : The pH of solutions - Answer (click here)
11. Buffer Solutions - Answer (click here)
12. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and its Significance - Answer (click here)
13. Selection of pH indicators and Titration - Answer (click here)
14. Ostwald's theory and Quinonoid Theory - Answer (click here)

Electro Chemistry II

1. Electrochemistry - Cells and Daniel cell - Answer (click here)
2. Electro Chemistry - Cell Terminology - Answer (click here)
3. Single Electrode Potential - Answer (click here)

Subject : zoology

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

1. Nutrition : Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.), Proteins(Polypeptides), Lipids, Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.) - Answer (click here)
3. Proteins(Polypeptides) - Answer (click here)
4. Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Vitamins : functions of vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency Ailments - Answer (click here)
6. Minerals, Water, Balanced diet, Calorie values, Obesity - Answer (click here)
7. The digestive system and The process of digestion - Answer (click here)
8. Dental Caries (Tooth decay) : Symptoms, Root Canal Treatment - Answer (click here)
9. Peptic ulcer and Hernia : Causes of Peptic ulcer and Types of Hernia - Answer (click here)
10. Appendicitis, Gall Stones, Hepatitis, Hernia, Peptic ulcer - Answer (click here)
11. Types of fractures, Mechanism of fracture, Healing of Bones in fracture, Dislocation of joints, Physiotherapy and rehabilitation, Arthiritis , Orthopedics, Rickets and steomalacia - Answer (click here)
12. Structure of a skeletal muscle, sarcomere - Answer (click here)
13. Mechanism and Types of muscle contraction - Answer (click here)
14. Benefits of aerobic exercise - Answer (click here)
15. Myasthenia Gravis Muscle Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Process of pulmonary respiration - Answer (click here)
17. Mechanism of Human Breathing : Expiration , Inspiration - Answer (click here)
18. Gaseous exchange in the alveoli - Answer (click here)
19. Herring - Breuer reflex - Answer (click here)
20. Lungs Disease : Tuberculosis (TB), Herring - Breuer reflex, Acute and Chronic Bronchitis - Answer (click here)
21. Human Circulatory System : Functioning of Human heart - Answer (click here)
22. Myocardial infarction : Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors - Answer (click here)
23. Angina pectoris - Answer (click here)
24. Angiogram : Coronary Angiography and Coronary Angioplasty - Answer (click here)
25. Atherosclerosis, Heart block, Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) - Answer (click here)
26. ICCU - (Intensive Coronary Care Unit) - Answer (click here)
27. Blood Pressure : Intensive of hypertension - Answer (click here)
28. Composition of plasma : Components with Functions - Answer (click here)
29. Types of blood cells or corpuscles - Answer (click here)
30. Human Nervous system - Answer (click here)
31. Human brain - Answer (click here)
32. Types of memory - Answer (click here)
33. Types of sleep - Answer (click here)
34. Human Brain Stroke and Brain haemorrhage - Answer (click here)
35. Alzheimer's Disease, Meningitis (Brain fever), Conditioned reflex - Answer (click here)
36. Right and Left Human brain concept - Answer (click here)
37. Spinal cord functioning - Answer (click here)
38. Functions of Endocrine glands - Answer (click here)
39. Pituitary gland and The hormones of anterior pituitary - Answer (click here)
40. Thyroid gland and thyroxine - Answer (click here)
41. Human Insulin - Answer (click here)
42. Human Glucagon - Answer (click here)
43. Gonads : Testis and Overies - Answer (click here)
44. Focusing Mechanism in the Human Eye - Answer (click here)
45. Human eye : Errors of refraction - Answer (click here)
46. Retinopathy - Human Eye Disease - Answer (click here)
47. Human Eye : Cataract, Lens Replacement - Answer (click here)
48. Human Eye : Glaucoma, Nyctalopia Disorder, Infections, Symptoms, Treatment - Answer (click here)
49. EAR - Some Information - Answer (click here)
50. Mechanism of hearing - Human Ear - Answer (click here)
51. Defects of the Human ear - Answer (click here)
52. Human Hearing Aid - Answer (click here)
53. Noise pollution - Answer (click here)
54. Human Skin and Functions of skin - Answer (click here)
55. Functions of Human Skin Melanin - Answer (click here)
56. Human Skin grafting and Dermatitis - Answer (click here)
57. Human Tongue and Mechanism of Stimulation - Answer (click here)
58. Human Excretion - Answer (click here)
59. Mechanism of urine formation - Answer (click here)
60. Renal Failure, Dialysis and Kidney Machines - Answer (click here)
61. Human Kidney stone (Calculus) And Kidney transplantation - Answer (click here)
62. Diabetes mellitus : Symptoms, Causes, prevention - Answer (click here)
63. Functioning of male reproductive system - Answer (click here)
64. Functioning of female reproductive system - Answer (click here)
65. Female Menstrual cycle - 28 days - Answer (click here)
66. In vitro fertilization (Test tube babies) and Birth control - Answer (click here)
67. Contraception - Methods to prevention of pregnancy - Answer (click here)

MICROBIOLOGY

1. History of Medical microbiology - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Viruses And Viral genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Cultivation (culture) of Animal viruses - Answer (click here)
5. Bacterial structure And Culture - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
7. Bacterial Diseases - Answer (click here)
8. Protozoan microbiology - Answer (click here)
9. Larval microbiology - Answer (click here)
10. AIDS (HIV) Structure, its control, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Control and Management - Answer (click here)

IMMUNOLOGY

1. IMMUNOLOGY : Innate Immunity (Non-specific) And Acquired Immunity (Specific immunity) - Answer (click here)
2. Primary Lymphoid Organ Thymus - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral Lymphoid Organs : Lymph nodes, Spleen - Answer (click here)
4. Secondary Lymphoid Organs : Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) - Answer (click here)
5. Antibodies - Immunoglobulins, Region of polypeptide chains, Transplantation immunology - Answer (click here)
6. Classification of grafts - Answer (click here)
7. Immune system disorders - Answer (click here)

MODERN GENETICS

1. Human Genetics - Karyotyping - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) - Answer (click here)
3. Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. Human Genome Project (HGP) - Answer (click here)
5. Cloning : Differentiation, Cloning of Sheep (Mechanism), Ethical Issues, Merits and Demerits of cloning - Answer (click here)
6. Transgenic organisms : Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) - Answer (click here)
7. Gene therapy - Answer (click here)
8. Bioinformatics : Definition, History, Applications - Answer (click here)
9. Scope of Genetic Engineering And Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
10. Nucleic acid, Protein sequence databases And Genome sequencing, DNA library - Answer (click here)
11. Protein Structure, Protein Model And Uses - Answer (click here)
12. Human population and explosion - Issues - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

1. Reasons for the Explosion. Impacts Of Growing Population and Environmental - Answer (click here)
2. Global warming : Green house effect - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Greenhouse Gases - Answer (click here)
4. Effects of Global warming - Answer (click here)
5. Ozone layer depletion : Ozone hole, Preventing And Effect of Ozone depletions - Answer (click here)
6. Waste management - Answer (click here)
7. Waste management : Classification of wastes - Answer (click here)
8. Management of hazardous wastes - Answer (click here)
9. Management of non-hazardous wastes- Solid Waste Management - Answer (click here)
10. Biodiversity conservation (Biosphere reserves) Government and non Governmental organizations - Answer (click here)
11. Energy crisis and its environmental impact - Answer (click here)
12. Steps to be taken to resolve energy crisis - Answer (click here)
13. Environmental impacts : Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear Power, Solar energy, Fossil fuels - Answer (click here)
14. Poverty and Environmental : issues, alleviation - Answer (click here)
15. Fresh water crisis and management - Answer (click here)
16. Freshwater resources - Answer (click here)
17. Freshwater shortages - Answer (click here)
18. Freshwater Management - Answer (click here)

APPLIED BIOLOGY

1. Important cattle breeds and their characteristics - Answer (click here)
2. cattle breeds : Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds, Dual purpose breeds, Draught breeds - Answer (click here)
3. Milch breeds (or) Dairy Cattle breeds : Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red Karachi), Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) - Answer (click here)
4. Dual purpose Cattle breeds - Ongole : Nellore - Answer (click here)
5. Draught Cattle breeds : Kangayam, Hallikar, Jersey - Answer (click here)
6. Common diseases and control for Cattle - Answer (click here)
7. Poultry Breeds - Answer (click here)
8. Poultry Farming methods - Answer (click here)
9. Factors involved in brooding - Answer (click here)
10. Pisciculture : Characters of cultivable fish - Answer (click here)
11. Fish Pond : Types and Preparation of pond, Management and Feeding - Answer (click here)
12. Edible Fishes Of Tamilnadu (India) - Answer (click here)
13. Stethoscope and Uses of Stethoscope - Answer (click here)
14. Sphygmomanometer - Answer (click here)
15. Haemocytometer - Answer (click here)
16. Urine - Sugar analysis - Answer (click here)
17. ECG-Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here)
18. Computed Tomography (CT)(OR) Computerized axial tomography (CAT) - Advantages and Uses - Answer (click here)
19. Types of Endoscopy - Answer (click here)
20. Artificial Pacemaker And Autoanalyser - Answer (click here)

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

1. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Lamarckism - Answer (click here)
2. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Neo-lamarckism - Answer (click here)
3. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Darwinism - Answer (click here)
4. Modern concept of Natural Selection (or) Modern synthetic theory of Evolution - Answer (click here)

Subject : Economics

1 Nature and Scope of Economics

1. Nature and Scope of Economics - Answer (click here)
2. Definitions of Economics - Answer (click here)
3. Adam Smith's Definition (Wealth Definition) - Answer (click here)
4. Alfred Marshall's Definition (Welfare Definition) - Answer (click here)
5. Lionel Robbins' definition (Scarcity Definition) - Answer (click here)
6. Samuelson's Definition (Modern Definition of Economics) - Answer (click here)

2 Basic Economic Problems

1. Main Divisions of Economics - Answer (click here)
2. Economics : positive or normative science ? - Answer (click here)
3. Economics in relation to other social sciences - Answer (click here)
4. Economics and Politics , Economics and History - Answer (click here)
5. Economics and Ethics , Economics and psychology - Answer (click here)
6. Economics, mathematics and statistics - Answer (click here)
7. Economics as a science - Answer (click here)
8. Methods of Economic Analysis - Answer (click here)
9. Economic Laws and Importance of Economic Laws - Answer (click here)
10. Characteristics and Classification of Wealth - Answer (click here)
11. Goods - Answer (click here)
12. Income and Types of Income - Answer (click here)
13. Economics : Value and Price - Answer (click here)
14. Markets and Classification of Markets - Answer (click here)
15. Importance of Economics - Answer (click here)
16. Basic Economic Problems and Economic Systems - Answer (click here)
17. Capitalist Economy : salient features, Merits and Disadvantages - Answer (click here)
18. Socialist Economy : salient features, Merits and Disadvantages - Answer (click here)
19. Mixed Economy : salient features, Merits and Demerits - Answer (click here)
20. Production Possibility Curve - Answer (click here)

3 Theory of Consumer Behaviour

1. Theory of Consumer Behaviour - Answer (click here)
2. Economics : Consumer Behaviour : Characteristics of wants - Answer (click here)
3. Economics : Consumer Behavior : Classification of Wants - Answer (click here)
4. Concept of Utility : Total, Marginal Utility - Answer (click here)
5. Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility(DMU) - Definition, Explanation, Importance, Criticism - Answer (click here)
6. Law Of Equi-Marginal Utility - Definition, Explanation, Importance, Criticism - Answer (click here)
7. Limitations of the Equi-Marginal Utility Law - Answer (click here)
8. Importance of Equi-Marginal Utility Law - Answer (click here)
9. Consumer's surplus : Definition, Explanation, Importance, Criticism - Answer (click here)
10. Indifference Curve Approach : Definition, Schedule, curve, map - Answer (click here)

4 Demand and Supply

1. Law of Demand with Schedule and curve - Answer (click here)
2. Exceptions to the Law of Demand - Answer (click here)
3. Factors determining demand - Answer (click here)
4. Elasticity of Demand and Types of Elasticity of Demand - Answer (click here)
5. Importance of Elasticity of demand - Answer (click here)
6. Factors determining supply - Answer (click here)
7. Elasticity of supply : concept, Types, Factors determining - Answer (click here)

5 Equilibrium Price

1. Equilibrium Price - Answer (click here)
2. Shift in Demand and Supply - Answer (click here)
3. Economics : Time Periods and Price Fixation - Answer (click here)

6 Production

1. Production - Answer (click here)
2. Factors of production : Land, Labour, Capital and Organisation - Answer (click here)
3. Forms of Capital and Characteristics of capital - Answer (click here)
4. Labour : Characteristics and Division of Labour - Answer (click here)
5. Identifying the optimum combination of factors of production - Answer (click here)
6. Short-run and Long-run production function - Answer (click here)
7. Short-run production function - The law of variable proportions - Answer (click here)
8. Long-run production function - Increasing, Constant, Decreasing Returns to Scale - Answer (click here)
9. Characteristics of an isoquant - Answer (click here)
10. Producer's Equilibrium and The Cobb Douglas Production Function - Answer (click here)
11. Economies of Scale - Internal - Internal, External economies - Answer (click here)

7 Cost and Revenue

1. Cost function, concepts and classifications - Answer (click here)
2. Short run average cost curves - Average Fixed, Average variable and Average Total Cost - Answer (click here)
3. Marginal Cost - Answer (click here)
4. Long run Average Cost Curve (LAC) - Answer (click here)
5. Accounting Cost and Economic cost - Answer (click here)
6. Concepts Of Revenue : Average, Marginal Revenue(AR,MR) - Answer (click here)
7. Measurement of Profit - Answer (click here)

8 Market Structure and Pricing

1. Meaning, Definition and Characteristics of Market - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Markets according to Area, time, Competition - Answer (click here)
3. Features and Conditions of perfect competition - Answer (click here)
4. Nature of Revenue curves - Answer (click here)
5. Monopoly : Characteristics and Causes - Answer (click here)
6. Monopoly : Price and Output Determination : Advantages, Disadvantages - Answer (click here)
7. Methods of Controlling Monopoly - Answer (click here)
8. Definition and Conditions of Price Discrimination - Answer (click here)
9. Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition - Answer (click here)
10. Determination of Equilibrium price and output under monopolistic competition - Answer (click here)
11. Wastages of Monopolistic competition - Answer (click here)
12. Characteristics of Oligopoly - Answer (click here)

9 Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution

1. Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution - Answer (click here)
2. The Ricardian theory of Rent - Answer (click here)
3. Modern Theory of Rent and Quasi-Rent - Answer (click here)
4. Theories of wages - Answer (click here)
5. Early theories of wages - Answer (click here)
6. Recent Theories of wages - Answer (click here)
7. Theories of Interest - Answer (click here)
8. Loanable funds theory (Neo - classical theory) of Interest - Answer (click here)
9. Liquidity preference theory (Keynesian theory) of interest - Answer (click here)
10. Rent theory of profits - Answer (click here)

10 Simple Theory of Income Determination

1. Simple Theory of Income Determination - Answer (click here)
2. Say's Law of Market - Answer (click here)
3. Keynesian Theory of Income Determination - Answer (click here)
4. Keynesian Theory Aggregate Demand : Consumption Function - Answer (click here)
5. Keynesian Theory Aggregate Demand : Inducement to invest (Investment function) - Answer (click here)
6. Rate of interest: Liquidity Preference Theory - Answer (click here)
7. Functions of Money - Answer (click here)
8. Economics : Importance of Money - Answer (click here)
9. Money supply and Reserve Money of India - Answer (click here)

11 Monetary Policy

1. Monetary Policy of India - Answer (click here)
2. Monetary Transmission - Answer (click here)
3. Economics : Inflation and Deflation, Types of Inflation - Answer (click here)
4. Effects of changes in prices - Answer (click here)
5. Definition of Fiscal Policy or public finance - Answer (click here)
6. Subject matter of public finance(Fiscal Policy) - Answer (click here)
7. Meaning and definition of a tax - Answer (click here)
8. Canons of Taxation - Answer (click here)
9. Kinds or Types of tax - Answer (click here)
10. Meaning, Definition and Kinds(Types) of Budget - Answer (click here)

12 Fiscal Policy

1. Fiscal policy : Meaning, Objectives, Limitations of Fiscal policy - Answer (click here)

Subject : History

India Under the English East India Company: Warren Hastings (1772 1785)

1. India Under The English East India Company: Warren Hastings - Answer (click here)
2. The English East India Company - Answer (click here)
3. The Regulating Act of 1773 and Merits and Demerits of the Act - Answer (click here)
4. First Anglo-Maratha War - Answer (click here)
5. The Second Anglo-Mysore War - Answer (click here)
6. The Impeachment and Estimate of Warren Hastings - Answer (click here)

Lord Cornwallis (1786 1793)

1. Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) - Answer (click here)
2. Tipu Sultan and the Third Mysore War - Answer (click here)
3. Cornwallis : Administrative, Revenue, Judicial Reforms - Answer (click here)

The Marquess of Wellesley (1798 1805)

1. The Marquess Of Wellesley (1798-1805) - Answer (click here)
2. The Marquess Of Wellesley : The Subsidiary System - Answer (click here)
3. The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) - Answer (click here)
4. Wellesley and the Marathas - Answer (click here)
5. The Second Maratha War (1803-1805) - Answer (click here)

Lord Hastings (1813 1823)

1. Lord Hastings (1813-1823) - Answer (click here)
2. War against the Gurkhas (1814-16) - Answer (click here)
3. Suppression of the Pindaris - Answer (click here)
4. Downfall of the Maratha Confederacy - Answer (click here)
5. Third Maratha War (1817-1819) - Answer (click here)

Lord William Bentinck (1828 1835)

1. Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835) - Answer (click here)
2. Charter Act of 1833 - Answer (click here)
3. Reforms of Lord William Bentinck - Answer (click here)

Lord Dalhousie (1848 1856)

1. Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) - Answer (click here)
2. Lord Dalhousie : Policy of Annexation - Answer (click here)
3. Domestic Reforms of Dalhousie - Answer (click here)

Revenue Administration and Economic Policy of the British

1. Revenue Administration And Economic Policy Of The British - Answer (click here)
2. British Agrarian Policy - Answer (click here)
3. Zamindari, Ryotwari, Mahalwari Settlement - Answer (click here)
4. British Policy towards Indian Handicrafts - Answer (click here)

Educational and Social Reforms

1. Educational And Social Reforms of British in India - Answer (click here)
2. Language and Education Policy of British in India - Answer (click here)
3. Struggle against the Caste System and the related Legislation in India - Answer (click here)

Palayakkarar Rebellion

1. Palayakkarar Rebellion - Answer (click here)
2. Puli Thevar - Answer (click here)
3. History : Vira Pandya Kattabomman - Answer (click here)
4. History : Marudu Brothers - Answer (click here)

Vellore Mutiny

1. Vellore Mutiny - Answer (click here)

The Great Revolt of 1857

1. The Great Revolt Of 1857 - Answer (click here)
2. Causes of the Great Revolt Of 1857 - Answer (click here)
3. Causes for the Failure of the 1857 Revolt and Significance, Effects of the Mutiny - Answer (click here)

British India After 1858: Lord Lytton (1876 1880)

1. History : Lord Lytton (1876-1880) - Answer (click here)

Lord Ripon (1880 1884) And Lord Curzon (1899 1905)

1. History : Lord Ripon (1880-84) - Answer (click here)
2. History : Lord Curzon (1899-1905) - Answer (click here)

Socio Religious Reform Movements

1. Raja Rammohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj - Answer (click here)
2. Swami Dayanand Saraswathi and the Arya Samaj - Answer (click here)
3. Self-Respect Movement and Periyar E.V.R. - Answer (click here)
4. Indian Socio-Religious Reform Movements - Answer (click here)

Indian National Movement (1885 1905)

1. Indian National Movement (1885-1905) - Answer (click here)
2. Factors Promoting the Growth of Nationalism in India - Answer (click here)
3. The Indian National Congress (1885) - Answer (click here)

Indian National Movement (1905 1916)

1. Indian National Movement (1905-1916) - Answer (click here)
2. Partition of Bengal and the Rise of Extremism - Swadeshi Movement - Answer (click here)

The Indian National Movement (1917 1947)

1. The Indian National Movement (1917-1947) : Advent of Gandhi - Answer (click here)
2. Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Khilafat Movement - Answer (click here)
3. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) - Answer (click here)
4. Simon Commission (1927) - Answer (click here)
5. Quit India Movement (1942-1944) - Answer (click here)

Role of Tamil Nadu in the Indian National Movement

1. Role Of Tamil Nadu In The Indian National Movement - Answer (click here)
2. Non-co-operation Movement in TamilNadu, India - Answer (click here)

The Justice Party Rule

1. The Justice Party rule in the Madras Presidency constitutes - Answer (click here)

Constitutional Development (1858 1947)

1. Indian Constitutional Development (1858 - 1947) - Answer (click here)
2. Indian Councils Act of 1861 and 1892 - Answer (click here)
3. Minto- Morley Reforms of 1909 - Answer (click here)
4. The Government of India Act of 1935 - Answer (click here)
5. Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 - Answer (click here)

India After Independence

1. India After Independence - Answer (click here)
2. Indian Polity (1947 - 2000) - Answer (click here)

Renaissance

1. Renaissance - Answer (click here)
2. Renaissance Literature, Art, Sculpture - Answer (click here)

Geographical Discoveries

1. The Geographical Discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries - Answer (click here)
2. Impact of the Geographical Discoveries - Answer (click here)
3. Geographical Discoveries : Portugal and Spain - Answer (click here)

The Reformation and Counter Reformation

1. Causes for the Reformation - Answer (click here)
2. Martin Luther (1483-1546) - Answer (click here)
3. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) and John Calvin (1509-1564) - Answer (click here)
4. Counter-Reformation - Answer (click here)
5. Effects of Reformation - Answer (click here)

The American War of Independence (1776 1783)

1. The American War Of Independence (1776-1783) - Answer (click here)
2. The English Colonies in America - Answer (click here)

French Revolution

1. Causes of the French Revolution - Answer (click here)
2. French Revolution : The French Philosophers - Answer (click here)
3. Impact of the American War of Independence - Answer (click here)
4. Work of the National Assembly (1789 - 1791) - Answer (click here)
5. The National Convention (1792 - 1795) - Answer (click here)

Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions

1. Agricultural Revolution - Answer (click here)
2. Industrial Revolution : Causes, Merits, Demerits - Answer (click here)

First World War

1. First World War (1914 -1919) - Answer (click here)
2. First World War - Colonialism - Answer (click here)
3. Causes of First World War - Answer (click here)
4. Course of the First World War - Answer (click here)
5. Results of the First World War - Answer (click here)

Russian Revolution of 1917

1. Russian Revolution Of 1917 - Answer (click here)
2. Causes of the Russian Revolution - Answer (click here)
3. February Revolution and October Revolution of 1917 - Answer (click here)
4. Results of Russian Revolution Of 1917 - Answer (click here)

The League of Nations

1. The League Of Nations - Answer (click here)
2. Establishment of League of Nations - Answer (click here)
3. Achievements Of The League Of Nations - Answer (click here)
4. Causes for the Failure of League of Nations - Answer (click here)

Rise of Fascism and Nazism

1. Causes for the Growth of Fascism in Italy - Answer (click here)
2. Rise of Mussolini - Answer (click here)
3. Mussolini as the Prime Minster of Italy - Answer (click here)
4. Nazism In Germany : Hitler and the Nazi Germany - Answer (click here)

Second World War

1. Second World War - Answer (click here)
2. Causes of the Second World War - Answer (click here)
3. Course and Results of the Second World War - Answer (click here)

Growth of Asian Nations: China And Japan

1. Growth Of Asian Nations: China And Japan - Answer (click here)

United Nations Organisation

1. United Nations Organisation - Answer (click here)
2. Achievements of the U N O - Answer (click here)
3. Organization of the U.N.O. - Answer (click here)

The Cold War

1. The Cold War - Answer (click here)
2. Beginning and End of the Cold War - Answer (click here)

World Today

1. History : World Today - Answer (click here)

Subject : Geography

THEORY BIOSPHERE

Plants, Animals and Humans

1. Biosphere : Plants and Animals, The Biomes - Answer (click here)
2. The forest biomes : Coniferous, Temperate, Tropical forests - Answer (click here)
3. Temperate And Tropical Grassland Biomes - Answer (click here)
4. Cold and Tropical deserts Biomes - Answer (click here)
5. Harvesting Forests and Shrinking Forests - Answer (click here)
6. Sea Ecosystems - Answer (click here)

The Human Potential

1. Human Evolution and Human Civilisations - Answer (click here)
2. Growth, Distribution and Density - Answer (click here)
3. Structure, Composition and Population Explosion - Answer (click here)
4. Malthus- Population Theory and Marx's Ideas on Population - Answer (click here)

HUMAN MADE ECOSYSTEMS I

Settlement Systems

1. Human-made ecosystems : settlement systems - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Settlements - Answer (click here)
3. Urban Growth and Problems - Answer (click here)
4. Central Place Theory - Answer (click here)

Industrial Systems

1. Classification of Industrial systems - Answer (click here)
2. Industrial System : Functional Characteristics and linkage - Answer (click here)
3. Factors of Industrial Location - Answer (click here)
4. Theory of Industrial Location : Weber's Theory of Location - Answer (click here)

Trade Systems

1. Role of Geographical Factors in Trade - Answer (click here)
2. Geographical and Stage of Technological Development - Answer (click here)
3. Geographical Trade Types - Answer (click here)
4. Geographical Trade Blocs - Answer (click here)
5. Benefits from Trade Blocs and Trade Trap and the Fall of Markets - Answer (click here)

HUMAN MADE ECOSYSTEMS II

Transport and Communication Systems

1. Human-made ecosystems : Transport and communication systems - Answer (click here)
2. Human-made ecosystems : Transport Systems and Transport Types - Answer (click here)
3. Transport Types and Classification : Road, Train, Sea, Air - Answer (click here)
4. The Cargo Traffic - Answer (click here)
5. Ecosystems : Information and Communication Systems : Technological, Technical Development - Answer (click here)
6. Importance of Information Technology - Answer (click here)
7. Communication Revolution - Answer (click here)

Space Technologies

1. Remote Sensing Systems : Types and Uses - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing : Geo, Sun, Spy Satellites - Answer (click here)
3. Elements of Remote Sensing Systems - Answer (click here)
4. Uses of Remote Sensing - Answer (click here)
5. Indian Space Programme - Answer (click here)
6. Water, a Valuable Resource - Answer (click here)
7. Water: Quantity and Quality - Answer (click here)
8. Quantity of Water - Answer (click here)
9. Quality of Water - Answer (click here)
10. Water Based, Related and Waterborne Diseases - Answer (click here)
11. Water Supply and Demand and Drinking Water Scarcity - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONS MANAGEMENT

Global Freshwater

1. Global freshwater : Urbanisation - Answer (click here)
2. Global fresh water : Industrialisation - Answer (click here)
3. Land and Water Pollution - Answer (click here)
4. Water Ethics and Management, Irrigation, Political Dimension - Answer (click here)
5. Water Management and Basin Management - Answer (click here)
6. Water Supply and Sanitation - Answer (click here)
7. Disaster, Hazard and Vulnerability, the Meaning - Answer (click here)
8. Resilience and Emergency - Answer (click here)

Natural Disasters

1. Disaster Management, Mitigation and Prevention - Answer (click here)
2. Earthquakes and Landslides - Answer (click here)
3. The Turkey Earthquake 1999 - Answer (click here)
4. Disasters and Health Epidemic, Emergency Response to Disasters - Answer (click here)
5. Global Warming - Answer (click here)
6. Floods as Hazard and Major Flood Disasters in world - Answer (click here)
7. Flood Warning and Emergency Planning - Answer (click here)
8. Desertification - Answer (click here)
9. Advancing Deserts of the World - Answer (click here)
10. Programmes and Projects - Desertification and Drought in India - Answer (click here)

Conservation and Resource Management

1. Conservation and resource management - Answer (click here)
2. History of Conservation and Resource Management - Answer (click here)
3. History of Conservation and Resource Management In the mid-20th century - Answer (click here)
4. Water Resources Management and Conservation Techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Rainwater Harvesting and Techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Inter-State River Linkages - Answer (click here)

MAP INTERPRETATION AND SURVEYING

Map Interpretation

1. Map interpretation : Basic Map Components (Parts) - Answer (click here)
2. Map interpretation : Basic Principles of Map Reading - Answer (click here)
3. Suggested, Sequential Learning of Map Skills - Answer (click here)
4. Weather Maps and Images Interpretation - Answer (click here)
5. Map Symbols for Weather and Clouds - Answer (click here)
6. Weather Maps : Winds - Low, High - Answer (click here)
7. Weather Forecasting and its Methods - Answer (click here)

Surveying

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Database Management Systems and Geographical Information systems

1. What is Geographical Information System? - Answer (click here)
2. Database Management Systems - Databases - Answer (click here)
3. Applications of Geographical Information Systems - Answer (click here)

Global Positioning Systems

1. Global Positioning System (GPS) is a Satellite Navigation System - Answer (click here)
2. Carrier Phase Tracking (Surveying): An Application of GPS - Answer (click here)