Introduction to Human Nutrition
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Introduction to Human Nutrition

A Global Perspective on Food and Nutrition

1. Orientation to human nutrition - Answer (click here)
2. An integrated approach of Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
3. A conceptional framework for the study of nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Relationship between nutrition and health - Answer (click here)
5. Nutrients: the basics - Answer (click here)
6. Global malnutrition - Answer (click here)
7. Relationship between nutrition science and practice - Answer (click here)
8. Nutrition milestones: the development of nutrition as a science - Answer (click here)
9. Future challenges for nutrition research and practice - Answer (click here)

Body Composition

1. Body Composition - Answer (click here)
2. Five levels of body composition - Answer (click here)
3. Relationships between different levels of body composition - Answer (click here)
4. Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
5. Direct methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Indirect methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
7. Doubly indirect methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
8. Carcass analysis - Direct methods in Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
9. In vivo neutron activation analysis - Direct methods in Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
10. Densitometry - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
11. Dilution techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
12. Total body potassium - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
13. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
14. Imaging techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
15. Weight/height indices - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
16. Skinfold thickness measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
17. Anthropometric variables - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
18. Infrared interactance - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
19. Ultrasound measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
20. Bioelectrical impedance - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
21. Total body electrical conductivity - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
22. Creatinine excretion and N-methyl-histidine excretion - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
23. Use and misuse of body composition data - Answer (click here)

Energy Metabolism

1. Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Components of energy balance - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Energy intake - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
4. Factors influencing food intake - Answer (click here)
5. Energy expenditure: Concept, Measurement, Historical aspects - Answer (click here)
6. Factors that influence energy expenditure - Answer (click here)
7. Energy expenditure related to physical activity - Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
8. Energy requirements - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
9. Energy balance(Human Nutrition) in various conditions - Answer (click here)
10. Energy requirements in disease and trauma - Answer (click here)
11. Obesity: Basic metabolic principles - Answer (click here)
12. Definition of obesity - Answer (click here)
13. Etiology of obesity: excess intake or decreased physical activity - Answer (click here)
14. Role of physical activity and energy expenditure in the development of obesity - Answer (click here)

Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

1. Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
2. A historical perspective - Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Structure and chemistry of amino acids - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
5. Biology of protein and amino acid requirements - Answer (click here)
6. Body protein mass - Answer (click here)
7. Turnover of proteins and amino acid metabolism: Protein synthesis, degradation, and turnover - Answer (click here)
8. Amino acids as precursors of physiologically important nitrogen compounds - Answer (click here)
9. Urea cycle enzymes and urea production - Answer (click here)
10. Estimation of protein and amino acid requirements - Answer (click here)
11. Nitrogen balance and definition of requirement - Answer (click here)
12. Protein requirements for various age and physiological groups - Answer (click here)
13. Definition and determination of indispensable amino acid requirements - Answer (click here)
14. Meeting protein and amino acid needs - Answer (click here)
15. Factors other than diet affecting protein and amino acid requirements - Answer (click here)

Digestion and Metabolism of Carbohydrates

1. Carbohydrates in foods - Answer (click here)
2. Digestive fate of dietary carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Glycemic carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolic utilization of carbohydrate - Answer (click here)
5. Regulation of blood glucose concentration - Answer (click here)
6. Dietary management of blood glucose concentration - Answer (click here)
7. Nonglycemic carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
8. Physiological classification of carbohydrates entering the colon - Answer (click here)
9. Chemical classification of carbohydrates entering the colon - Answer (click here)
10. Amount of carbohydrate entering the human colon - Answer (click here)
11. Resistant starch - Answer (click here)
12. Dietary fiber - Answer (click here)
13. Intakes of dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, and other indigestible sugars - Answer (click here)
14. Fermentation in the colon - Answer (click here)
15. Fate of short-chain fatty acids - Answer (click here)
16. Carbohydrates and dental caries - Answer (click here)

Nutrition and Metabolism of Lipids

1. History of lipids in human nutrition - Answer (click here)
2. Terminology of dietary fats - Answer (click here)
3. Lipids as components of the diet - Answer (click here)
4. Digestion, absorption, and transport of dietary fat - Answer (click here)
5. Reception, emulsification, lipolysis, solubilization, and absorption - Answer (click here)
6. Solubilization of emulsified fat - Answer (click here)
7. Absorption of solubilized fat - Answer (click here)
8. Enterohepatic circulation - Answer (click here)
9. Re-esterification of triacylglycerols in the enterocyte - Answer (click here)
10. Lipoprotein assembly and secretion - Answer (click here)
11. Postprandial lipemia - Answer (click here)
12. Postprandial lipemia: relevance to atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
13. Lipoprotein structure: a shopping bag and groceries - Answer (click here)
14. Lipoprotein transport pathways - Circulating lipids: lipoprotein structures and metabolism - Answer (click here)
15. Metabolic determinants of lipoprotein metabolism - Answer (click here)
16. Low-density lipoprotein receptor pathway - Answer (click here)
17. Reverse cholesterol transport (high-density lipoprotein pathway) - Answer (click here)
18. Interrelationships among serum triacylglycerols and low- and high-density lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
19. Endocrine control of lipoprotein metabolism - Answer (click here)
20. Sex hormones on lipoprotein - Answer (click here)
21. The triacylglycerol hypothesis - Circulating lipids: lipoprotein structures and metabolism - Answer (click here)
22. Body lipid pools - Answer (click here)
23. Long-chain fatty acid metabolism - Answer (click here)
24. Nutritional regulation of long-chain fatty acid profiles and metabolism - Answer (click here)
25. Nutritional and metabolic effects of dietary fatty acids - Answer (click here)
26. Cholesterol synthesis and regulation: Cholesterol and the brain - Answer (click here)
27. Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
28. Diet and serum cholesterol - Answer (click here)
29. Trans fatty acids - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
30. Plant sterols and soluble nonstarch polysaccharides - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
31. Dietary cholesterol - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
32. Fat quantity versus quality: importance of the ratio of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids - Answer (click here)
33. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plants and fish - Answer (click here)
34. Saturated fatty acids and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol - Answer (click here)
35. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and serum triacylglycerols - Answer (click here)

Dietary Reference Standards

1. Dietary Reference Standards - Answer (click here)
2. Terminology and conceptual approaches to setting nutrient recommendations - Answer (click here)
3. Interpretation and uses of dietary recommendations - Answer (click here)
4. The use of reference values to assess the adequacy of the nutrient intakes of population groups - Answer (click here)
5. Methods used to determine requirements and set dietary recommendations - Answer (click here)
6. Methods used to determine requirements - Answer (click here)

The Vitamins

1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
2. Vitamins: Introduction - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
3. Vitamin A - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamers and international units - Answer (click here)
5. Metabolism and storage of vitamin A and pro-vitamin A carotenoids - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolic functions of vitamin A and carotenes - Answer (click here)
7. Vitamin A deficiency: night blindness and xerophthalmia - Answer (click here)
8. Vitamin A requirements and reference intakes - Answer (click here)
9. Toxicity of vitamin A - Answer (click here)
10. Interactions of vitamin A with drugs and other nutrients - Answer (click here)
11. Vitamin D - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
12. Vitamers and international units - Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
13. Vitamin D Absorption and metabolism - Answer (click here)
14. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism - Answer (click here)
15. Metabolic functions of vitamin D - Answer (click here)
16. Vitamin D deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia - Answer (click here)
17. Vitamin D requirements and reference intakes - Answer (click here)
18. Vitamin D toxicity - Answer (click here)
19. Interactions of Vitamin D with drugs and other nutrients - Answer (click here)
20. Vitamin E - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
21. Vitamers and units of activity - Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
22. Vitamin E Absorption and metabolism - Answer (click here)
23. Metabolic functions of vitamin E - Answer (click here)
24. Vitamin E deficiency - Answer (click here)
25. Vitamin E requirements - Answer (click here)
26. Interactions of Vitamin E with other nutrients - Answer (click here)
27. Vitamin K - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
28. Vitamers - Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
29. Dietary sources, bacterial synthesis and metabolism - Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
30. Metabolic functions of vitamin K - Answer (click here)
31. Vitamin K deficiency and requirements - Answer (click here)
32. Toxicity and drug interactions of Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
33. Vitamin B1 (thiamin) - Answer (click here)
34. Absorption and metabolism of thiamin(Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
35. Metabolic functions of thiamin(Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
36. Absorption and metabolism of thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
37. Metabolic functions of thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
38. Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency - Answer (click here)
39. Thiamin (Vitamin B1) requirements - Answer (click here)
40. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
41. Absorption and metabolism of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Answer (click here)
42. Metabolic functions of the flavin coenzymes - Answer (click here)
43. Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) deficiency - Answer (click here)
44. Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) requirements - Answer (click here)
45. Interactions of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) with drugs and other nutrients - Answer (click here)
46. Niacin - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
47. Vitamers and niacin equivalents - Answer (click here)
48. Absorption and metabolism of Niacin - Answer (click here)
49. Metabolic functions of niacin - Answer (click here)
50. Pellagra: a disease of tryptophan and niacin deficiency - Answer (click here)
51. Niacin requirements - Answer (click here)
52. Niacin toxicity - Answer (click here)
53. Vitamin B6 - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
54. Vitamers - vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
55. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
56. Metabolic functions of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
57. Vitamin B6 deficiency - Answer (click here)
58. Vitamin B6 requirements - Answer (click here)
59. Assessment of vitamin B6 status - Answer (click here)
60. Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
61. Vitamin B6 toxicity - Answer (click here)
62. Vitamin B12 - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
63. Structure and vitamers - vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
64. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
65. Vitamin B12 deficiency: pernicious anemia - Answer (click here)
66. Vitamin B12 requirements - Answer (click here)
67. Assessment of vitamin B12 status - Answer (click here)
68. Folic acid - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
69. Vitamers and dietary equivalence - Folic acid - Answer (click here)
70. Absorption and metabolism of folate - Answer (click here)
71. Metabolic functions of folate - Answer (click here)
72. Folate deficiency: megaloblastic anemia - Answer (click here)
73. Folate requirements - Answer (click here)
74. Assessment of folate status - Answer (click here)
75. Drug-nutrient interactions of folate - Answer (click here)
76. Folate toxicity - Answer (click here)
77. Biotin - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
78. Absorption and metabolism of biotin - Answer (click here)
79. Metabolic functions of biotin - Answer (click here)
80. Biotin deficiency and requirements - Answer (click here)
81. Pantothenic acid - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
82. Absorption, metabolism, and metabolic functions of pantothenic acid - Answer (click here)
83. Pantothenic acid deficiency and safe and adequate levels of intake - Answer (click here)
84. Non-nutritional uses of pantothenic acid - Answer (click here)
85. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
86. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
87. Metabolic functions of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
88. Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy - Answer (click here)
89. Vitamin C requirements - Answer (click here)
90. Assessment of vitamin C status - Answer (click here)
91. Possible benefits of high intakes of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
92. Toxicity of vitamin C - Answer (click here)

Minerals and Trace Elements

1. Minerals and Trace Elements - Answer (click here)
2. Calcium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
3. Calcium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
4. Magnesium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
5. Magnesium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
6. Phosphorus: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
7. Phosphorus: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
8. Sodium and chloride: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
9. Sodium and chloride: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
10. Potassium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
11. Potassium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
12. Iron: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
13. Iron: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
14. Zinc: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
15. Zinc: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
16. Copper: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
17. Copper: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
18. Selenium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
19. Selenium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
20. Iodine: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
21. Iodine: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
22. Manganese: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
23. Manganese: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
24. Molybdenum: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
25. Molybdenum: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
26. Fluoride: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
27. Fluoride: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
28. Chromium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
29. Chromium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)

Measuring Food Intake

1. Measuring Food Intake - Answer (click here)
2. Indirect measurement of food intake - Answer (click here)
3. Household-based surveys - Answer (click here)
4. Direct measures of food intake - Answer (click here)
5. Methods for measuring intake on specified days - Answer (click here)
6. Methods for measuring intake over the longer term - Answer (click here)
7. Sources of error in dietary studies - Answer (click here)
8. Choosing a dietary assessment method - Answer (click here)
9. Repeatability and Validity of dietary methods - Answer (click here)
10. Biological measures to validate energy and nutrient intake - Answer (click here)
11. Evaluation of food intake data - Answer (click here)
12. Assessment of dietary adequacy - Answer (click here)
13. Assessing food intake - Answer (click here)
14. Food safety assessments - Answer (click here)

Food Composition

1. Food Composition - Answer (click here)
2. Foods - Food Composition - Answer (click here)
3. Nutrients, nonnutrients and energy - Answer (click here)
4. Information required on sources of data in tables - Answer (click here)
5. Overcoming the inadequacies of food composition tables - Answer (click here)
6. Nutrient losses and gains during food processing and preparation - Answer (click here)
7. Bioavailability and glycemic index - Answer (click here)
8. How to calculate a recipe not included in the database - Answer (click here)
9. Description of food composition tables and databases and how to retrieve data - Answer (click here)
10. Converting foods to nutrients - Answer (click here)

Food and Nutrition

1. Reference points in human nutrition - Answer (click here)
2. Exploration of dietary patterns - Answer (click here)
3. Options to change food and nutrient intakes - Answer (click here)
4. Global players in food and nutrition regulation - Answer (click here)
5. FAO/WHO and Codex Alimentarius - Answer (click here)
6. WTO: Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade - Answer (click here)
7. European Food Safety Authority - Answer (click here)
8. EU nutrition and public health - Answer (click here)

Nutrition Research Methodology

1. Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
2. Statistical analysis and experimental design - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
3. In vitro studies - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
4. Animal models in nutrition research - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
5. Human studies - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
6. Epidemiological designs - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)

Food Safety

1. Factors contributing to food safety concerns - Answer (click here)
2. Food-borne bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Food-borne viruses - Answer (click here)
4. Food-borne parasites - Answer (click here)
5. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and food - Answer (click here)
6. Chemicals affecting food safety - Answer (click here)
7. Food safety control programs - Answer (click here)

Food and Nutrition Related Diseases

1. Food and Nutrition-Related Diseases: The Global Challenge - Answer (click here)
2. Nutrition-related diseases in developed countries - Answer (click here)
3. Nutrition-related diseases in developing countries - Answer (click here)
4. HIV/AIDS - Food and Nutrition Related Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Global challenge to address malnutrition - Answer (click here)