Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Organization and General Plan of the Body

1. Organization and General Plan of the Body - Answer (click here)
2. Levels of Organization - Answer (click here)
3. Metabolism and Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
4. Terminology and General Plan of the Body - Answer (click here)

Some Basic Chemistry

1. Elements - Answer (click here)
2. Atoms - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Bonds - Answer (click here)
4. Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
5. Inorganic Compounds of Importance - Answer (click here)
6. Organic Compounds of Importance - Answer (click here)
7. Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
8. Lipids - Answer (click here)
9. Proteins - Answer (click here)
10. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
11. Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)

Cells

1. Cells - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Cell Membrane - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleus - Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Cytoplasm and Cell Organelles - Answer (click here)
6. Cellular Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
7. The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
8. Cell Division - Answer (click here)
9. Aging and Cells - Answer (click here)

Tissues and Membranes

1. Epithelial Tissue - Answer (click here)
2. Connective Tissue - Answer (click here)
3. Muscle Tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Nerve Tissue - Answer (click here)
5. Membranes: Epithelial and Connective, serous and mucous Membranes - Answer (click here)
6. Aging and Tissues - Answer (click here)

The Integumentary System

1. Skin - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Outer epidermis - Skin - Answer (click here)
3. Inner dermis - Skin - Answer (click here)
4. Subcutaneous Tissue - Answer (click here)
5. Aging and the Integumentary System - Answer (click here)

The Skeletal System

1. Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
2. Functions of the Skeleton - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Bone Tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Classification of Bones - Answer (click here)
5. Embryonic Growth of Bone - Answer (click here)
6. Factors That Affect Bone Growth and Maintenance - Answer (click here)
7. The Skeleton - Answer (click here)
8. Skull - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
9. Vertebral Column - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
10. Rib Cage - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
11. Shoulder And Arm - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
12. Hip and Leg - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
13. Joints-Articulations - Answer (click here)
14. Aging and the Skeletal System - Answer (click here)

The Muscular System

1. The Muscular System - Answer (click here)
2. Muscle Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Muscle Tone - Answer (click here)
4. Muscle Sense - Answer (click here)
5. Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
6. Muscle Fiber- Microscopic Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Contraction-The Sliding Filament Mechanism - Answer (click here)
8. Responses to Exercise-Maintaining Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
9. Aging and the Muscular System - Answer (click here)
10. Major Muscles of the Body - Answer (click here)

The Nervous System

1. The Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Nervous System Divisions - Answer (click here)
3. Nerve Tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Neurons - Answer (click here)
5. Nerves and Nerve Tracts - Answer (click here)
6. The Nerve Impulse - Answer (click here)
7. Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
8. Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
9. Spinal Cord Reflexes - Answer (click here)
10. The Brain - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
11. Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid - Answer (click here)
12. Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
13. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
14. Aging and the Nervous System - Answer (click here)

The Senses

1. Sensory Pathway - Answer (click here)
2. Characteristics of Sensations - Answer (click here)
3. Cutaneous Senses - Answer (click here)
4. Muscle Sense - Answer (click here)
5. Sense of Taste - Answer (click here)
6. Sense of Smell - Answer (click here)
7. Hunger and Thirst - Answer (click here)
8. The Eye - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
9. Eyeball: Layers and Cavities of the Eyeball - Answer (click here)
10. Physiology of Vision - Eye - Answer (click here)
11. The Ear: Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
12. Arterial Receptors - Answer (click here)
13. Aging and the Senses - Answer (click here)

The Endocrine System

1. The Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
2. Chemistry of Hormones - Answer (click here)
3. Regulation of Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
4. The Pituitary Gland - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
5. Posterior Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
6. Anterior Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
7. Thyroid Gland - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
8. Parathyroid Glands and Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - Answer (click here)
9. Pancreas - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
10. Adrenal Glands - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
11. Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine - Answer (click here)
12. Adrenal Cortex: Aldosterone, Cortisol - Answer (click here)
13. Ovaries - Answer (click here)
14. Testes - Answer (click here)
15. Melatonin - Answer (click here)
16. Prostaglandins (PGs) - Answer (click here)
17. Mechanisms of Hormone Action - Answer (click here)
18. Aging and the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)

Blood

1. Characteristics of Blood - Answer (click here)
2. Plasma - Answer (click here)
3. Red Blood Cells: Function, Production and Maturation, Life Span, Blood Types - Answer (click here)
4. White Blood Cells: Classification and Function - Answer (click here)
5. Platelets: Function - Answer (click here)
6. Prevention of Abnormal Clotting - Answer (click here)

The Heart

1. Location and Pericardial Membranes - Answer (click here)
2. Heart Chambers-Vessels and Valves - Answer (click here)
3. Coronary Vessels - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds - Answer (click here)
5. Cardiac Conduction Pathway - Answer (click here)
6. Heart Rate - Answer (click here)
7. Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Heart Rate - Answer (click here)
9. Aging and the Heart - Answer (click here)

The Vascular System

1. Arteries - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Veins - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
3. Capillaries - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
4. Pathways of Circulation - Answer (click here)
5. Velocity of Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
6. Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
7. Maintenance of Systemic Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
8. Distribution of Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
9. Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
10. Aging and the Vascular System - Answer (click here)

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

1. Lymph - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Lymph Vessels - Answer (click here)
3. Lymphatic Tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Lymph Nodes and Nodules - Answer (click here)
5. Spleen - Answer (click here)
6. Thymus - Answer (click here)
7. Immunity - Answer (click here)
8. Innate Immunity - Answer (click here)
9. Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
10. Types of Immunity - Answer (click here)
11. Aging and the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)

The Respiratory System

1. Divisions of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanism of Breathing - Answer (click here)
3. Pulmonary Volumes - Answer (click here)
4. Exchange of Gases - The Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
5. Transport of Gases in the Blood - Answer (click here)
6. Regulation of Respiration: Nervous and Chemical Regulation - Answer (click here)
7. Respiration and Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)
8. Aging and the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)

The Digestive System

1. Divisions of the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
2. Types of Digestion - Answer (click here)
3. Oral Cavity - Answer (click here)
4. Pharynx - Answer (click here)
5. Esophagus - Answer (click here)
6. Structural Layers of the Alimentary Tube - Answer (click here)
7. Stomach - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
8. Small Intestine - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
9. Liver - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
10. Gallbladder - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
11. Pancreas - Answer (click here)
12. Completion of Digestion and Absorption - Answer (click here)
13. Large Intestine - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
14. Functions of the Liver - Answer (click here)
15. Aging and the Digestive System - Answer (click here)

Body Temperature and Metabolism

1. Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
2. Heat Production - Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
3. Heat Loss - Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
4. Regulation of Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
5. Fever - Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
6. Metabolism - Answer (click here)
7. Cell Respiration - Answer (click here)
8. Synthesis Uses Of Foods - Metabolism - Answer (click here)
9. Metabolism: Vitamins and Minerals - Answer (click here)
10. Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
11. Aging and Metabolism - Answer (click here)

The Urinary System

1. The Urinary System - Answer (click here)
2. Kidneys - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
3. Internal Structure of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
4. Nephron - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
5. Blood Vessels of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
6. Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
7. Glomerular Filtration - Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
8. Tubular Reabsorption - Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
9. Tubular Secretion - Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
10. Hormones that Influence Reabsorption of Water - Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
11. Kidneys and Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)
12. Functions of the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
13. Elimination of Urine - Answer (click here)
14. Characteristics of Urine - Answer (click here)
15. Aging and the Urinary System - Answer (click here)

Fluid Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance

1. Water Compartments in Human body - Answer (click here)
2. Water Intake and Output in Human body - Answer (click here)
3. Electrolytes in Human body - Answer (click here)
4. Acid-Base Balance in Human body - Answer (click here)
5. Aging and Fluid and pH Regulation - Answer (click here)

The Reproductive Systems

1. Meiosis - Human Reproductive Systems - Answer (click here)
2. Male Reproductive System in Human - Answer (click here)
3. Female Reproductive System in Human - Answer (click here)
4. Menstrual Cycle in Human - Answer (click here)
5. Aging and the Reproductive Systems - Answer (click here)
6. Testes - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
7. Urethra-Penis - Answer (click here)
8. Semen - Answer (click here)
9. Ovaries - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
10. Fallopian Tubes - Answer (click here)
11. Uterus - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
12. Vagina - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
13. External Genitals - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
14. Mammary Glands - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)

Human Development and Genetics

1. Human Development - Answer (click here)
2. Embryo And Embryonic Membranes - Answer (click here)
3. Placenta and Umbilical Cord - Answer (click here)
4. Parturition and Labor - Answer (click here)
5. Infant at Birth - Answer (click here)
6. Genetics - Answer (click here)

An Introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease

1. Classification of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
2. Normal Flora - Answer (click here)
3. Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
5. Methods of Control of Microbes - Answer (click here)
6. The Pathogens and its List - Answer (click here)