Plant Biology
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Plant Biology

Introduction

1. Plant Biology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. What is a plant? - Answer (click here)
3. Unifying features of plants - Answer (click here)

The plant cell

1. Structure of the plant cell - Answer (click here)

Structure

1. Structure of Plant cell wall - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Plant cell Plastids and mitochondria - Answer (click here)
3. Structure of Plant cell Membranes - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of Plant Nucleus and genome - Answer (click here)
5. Plant Cell division - Answer (click here)
6. Vegetative anatomy of Meristems and primary tissues - Answer (click here)

Vegetative anatomy

1. Vegetative anatomy of Roots - Answer (click here)
2. Vegetative anatomy of Herbaceous stems and primary growth - Answer (click here)
3. Vegetative anatomy of Woody stems and secondary growth - Answer (click here)
4. Vegetative anatomy of Leaves - Answer (click here)

Reproductive anatomy

1. Reproductive anatomy of flower - Answer (click here)
2. Reproductive anatomy of Pollen and ovules - Answer (click here)
3. Reproductive anatomy of the seed - Answer (click here)
4. Reproductive anatomy of Fruits - Answer (click here)

Physiology and regulation

1. Arabidopsis and other model plants - Physiology and regulation - Answer (click here)
2. Methods in experimental plant science - Physiology and regulation - Answer (click here)

Growth and development

1. Features of Plant growth and development - Answer (click here)
2. Biochemistry of plant growth regulation - Answer (click here)
3. Auxins: Hormones in plants - Answer (click here)
4. Ethylene: Hormones in plants - Answer (click here)
5. Gibberellins: Hormones in plants - Answer (click here)
6. Cytokinins: Hormones in plants - Answer (click here)
7. Abscisic acid: Hormones in plants - Answer (click here)
8. Molecular action of hormones and intracellular messengers - Answer (click here)

Sensing and responding to the environment

1. Phytochrome, photoperiodism and photomorphogenesis - Answer (click here)
2. Tropisms - Answer (click here)
3. Nastic responses - Answer (click here)
4. Abscission - Answer (click here)
5. Stress avoidance and adaptation - Answer (click here)

Floral development and reproductive physiology

1. Plant Physiology of floral initiation and development - Answer (click here)
2. Plant Breeding systems - Answer (click here)
3. Plant Self incompatibility and its Types - Answer (click here)
4. Seed development, dormancy and germination - Answer (click here)

Plants water and mineral nutrition

1. Plants and water - Answer (click here)
2. Water retention and stomata - Answer (click here)
3. Movement of nutrient ions across membranes in plant - Answer (click here)
4. Uptake of mineral nutrients by plants - Answer (click here)
5. Functions of mineral nutrients - Answer (click here)

Metabolism

1. Photosynthetic pigments and the nature of light - Answer (click here)
2. Major reactions of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
3. C3 and C4 plants and CAM - Answer (click here)
4. Respiration and carbohydrate metabolism - Answer (click here)
5. Amino acid, lipid, polysaccharide and secondary product metabolism - Answer (click here)

Plant communities and populations

1. Physical factors and plant distribution - Answer (click here)
2. Plant communities - Answer (click here)
3. Ecology of different growth forms - Answer (click here)
4. Plant Populations - Answer (click here)
5. Contributions to carbon balance and atmosphere - Answer (click here)

Reproductive ecology

1. Ecology of flowering and pollination - Answer (click here)
2. Seed ecology - Answer (click here)
3. Regeneration and establishment - Answer (click here)
4. Polymorphisms and population genetics - Answer (click here)

Interactions between plants and other organisms

1. Mycorrhiza - Answer (click here)
2. Nitrogen fixation in Plant Biology - Answer (click here)
3. Interactions between plants and animals - Answer (click here)
4. Fungal pathogens and endophytes - Answer (click here)
5. Bacteria, mycoplasma, viruses and heterokonts - Answer (click here)
6. Parasites and saprophytes - Answer (click here)
7. Carnivorous plants - Answer (click here)

Human uses of plants

1. Plants as food - Answer (click here)
2. Uses of Plants for construction - Answer (click here)
3. Uses of Plants in medicine - Answer (click here)
4. Uses of Plants: Uses of secondary compounds, Plants as symbols, Horticulture - Answer (click here)
5. Bioremediation - Answer (click here)

Plant genetic engineering and biotechnology

1. Plant breeding - Answer (click here)
2. Plant cell and tissue culture - Answer (click here)
3. Plant genetic engineering - Answer (click here)

Plant diversity

1. Diversity and life cycles - Answer (click here)
2. The algae - Answer (click here)
3. Bryophytes: Vegetative structure, Water relations, Interactions, Human uses - Answer (click here)
4. Reproduction in Bryophytes - Answer (click here)

Spore bearing vascular plants

1. Early evolution, Origins and Life cycle of vascular plants - Answer (click here)
2. Clubmosses and horsetails - Answer (click here)
3. Vegetative structure of Lycopsida - Answer (click here)
4. Reproduction and Gametophyte in Lycopsida - Answer (click here)
5. Fossil Lycopsida - Answer (click here)
6. Vegetative structure of Equisetopsida - Answer (click here)
7. Reproduction and Gametophyte in Equisetopsida - Answer (click here)
8. Fossil Equisetopsida - Answer (click here)
9. The ferns - Answer (click here)
10. General characteristics of ferns - Answer (click here)
11. Eusporangiate ferns - Answer (click here)
12. Typical leptosporangiate ferns - Answer (click here)
13. Water ferns - Answer (click here)
14. The gametophyte of ferns - Answer (click here)
15. Ecology of ferns - Answer (click here)
16. Fossil ferns - Answer (click here)
17. Evolution of the seed: Progymnospermopsida, Seed plants - Answer (click here)

Seed plants

1. Early seed plants: Pteridosperms, fossil seed, Bennettitales and Caytoniales - Answer (click here)
2. Conifers: Ecology, human uses, Male and Female reproductive structures, Fertilization and the seed, Stems and roots, Leaves - Answer (click here)
3. Male and Female reproductive structures of Conifers - Answer (click here)
4. Cycads and Reproduction in cycads - Answer (click here)
5. Ginkgo and Reproduction in ginkgo - Answer (click here)
6. Gnetales and Reproduction in the Gnetales - Answer (click here)
7. Evolution of flowering plants - Answer (click here)
8. Origin of the flower - Answer (click here)
9. The earliest flowering plants - Answer (click here)
10. Early and Later evolution of flowering plants - Answer (click here)
11. Specialization in flowers - Answer (click here)
12. Evolution of vegetative structure, fruits and seeds - Answer (click here)
13. Classification and Three families of flowering plants - Answer (click here)
14. Mechanisms of Seed plants evolution - Answer (click here)