Therithal - Important questions with answers: March 2016

UNIT 1. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Contraception - Methods to prevention of pregnancy -- - Download - Key Answer

UNIT 2. MICROBIOLOGY

UNIT 3. IMMUNOLOGY

UNIT 4. MODERN GENETICS

UNIT 5. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

UNIT 6. APPLIED BIOLOGY

UNIT 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Lamarckism -- - Download - Key Answer
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Neo-lamarckism -- - Download - Key Answer
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Darwinism -- - Download - Key Answer
Modern concept of Natural Selection (or) Modern synthetic theory of Evolution -- - Download - Key Answer

Unit - 1. Human physiology

Part - II

1. Define carbohydrates and mention their compositions.

2. Classify different types of monosaccharides ?

3. What are polysaccharides ? Give examples.

4. List out the essential aminoacids.

5. What is kwashiorkar? Mention its symptoms.

6. State the functions of lipids?

7. What is PUFA? Mention its significance

8. Name different types of vitamins.

9. Write down the expansions of IRM and IRW? and their characterestic features.

10. What is obesity?

11. Define BMI

12. Write down the symptoms for hypoglycemia

13. What are chilomicrons ?

14. Name the substances used in treating the tooth decay

15. What are the benefits of root-canal treatment

16. What is peptic ulcer ?

17. What is gall stone made up of ?

18. State the main symptoms for appendicitis

19. What is meant by hepatitis?

20. Mention the reasons / causes for liver cirrhosis.

21. What is meant by stress fracture ?

22. Define the term physiotherapy.

23. What does the term orthopedics refer to ?

24. Name the fluids in the chambers of the eye.

25. 25.Name the parts involved in altering the curvature of the lens.

26. What is short sightedness?

27. How do you name the problems related to retina?

28. Identify two reasons for cataract.

29. What is CLR?

30. What is nyctalopia?

31. What is a pink eye?

32. What is Reissner’s membrane?

33. Which region of brain perceives sound?

34. Give two reasons for loss of hearing.

35. What is a bone conduction hearing aid.

36. Name the causes for noise pollution.

37. Define permissive noise level.

38. What happens during ventilation in the lungs?

39. Name the muscles involved in respiration.

40. Write down the composition of inhaled and exhaled air.

41. What is Herring - Breuer reflex?

42. Name the microbes that cause pneumonia.

43. What is pleurisy?

44. What is pulse rate?

45. What is meant by myocardial infarction?

46. Mention the reason for doing an angiogram.

47. What is coronary angioplasty?

48. What is done during Echo cardiography?

49. What is arthrosclerosis?

50. How can pulse rate be calculated ?

51. Write down the importance of cardio pulmonary resuscitation.

52. Classify the lymphocytes of blood and mention their key function.

53. What are called coagulation factors?

54. Differentiate embolus from thrombus.

55. What is menstrual cycle?

56. What is corpus albicans?

57. With whom does the technique of invitro fertilization adopted?

Part - III

1. List out different types of carbohydrates and their significance?

2. What are proteins ? Briefly explain.

3. Why is water necessary for man ?

4. Briefly explain the importance of minerals.

5. Tabulate the calorie requirement of IRM and IRW being sedentary workers, moderate workers and heavy workers.

6. What are the factors responsible for obesity?

7. Briefly explain the mode of digestion in duodenum.

8. Write short notes on villi and their significance

9. Write short notes on different types of Hernia

10. Give an account of root-canal therapy.

11. Explain different types of bone fractures.

12. Write short notes on the three phases in healing of bones in fracture.

13. Explain the various factors attributed for bone joint dislocations.

14. Describe the different types of arthiritis

15. Describe the structure of sarcomere

16. What are the benefits of aerobic exercise?

17. Write down the various types of memory.

18. “Sleep is a state of unconsciousness” - substantiate your statement.

19. Write short notes on ‘Stroke’

20. Explain briefly the right and left brain concept.

21. Describe the mechanism of reflex action

22. Write a brief account on cerebro spinal fluid and its importance

23. Define the terms transduction, transducer stimulus and response.

24. What is accomodation of eye?

25. Describe the photochemistry of retina.

26. Differentiate myopia and hypermetropia.

27. What is retinopathy? Comment on its types.

28. Give an account of diagonosis and treatment of cataract.

29. What is lens replacement?

30. Write short notes on conjunctivitis.

31. Suggest methods for eye care.

32. Define sound and sound perception.

33. Describe the role of middle ear in hearing.

34. What are hearing aids?

35. Write notes on the gustatory receptors.

36. Explain the different processes involved in pulmonary respiration.

37. Write short notes on exchange of gases in alveoli.

38. Comment on the sequences of events during the regulation of respiration.

39. Explain briefly different types of bronchitis.

40. Write short notes on cardiac cycle.

41. Comment on the importance of ICCU.

42. Describe briefly endocrine function of testes.

43. Describe the process of ovulation and the fate of empty graffian follicle.

44. Write short notes on in vitro fertilization

Part - IV

1. Explain the digestive processes taking place in small intestine.

2. Describe the mode of digestion of protein.

3. Enumerate the steps involved in root canal treatment.

4. Write an essay on any two disorders connected with the digestive system.

5. Give an account on fracture and the healing method.

6. Describe various types of arthiritis and their causes.

7. Write an essay on muscle contraction.

8. Write an essay on focussing mechanism in the human eye.

9. Discuss the role of rods and cones in visual perception.

10. Enumerate the various eye defects. Comment on corrective measures.

11. Describe the functional morphology of the organ of corti.

12. Write an essay on hearing loss and the correcting measures adopted.

13. Make a critical study of noise as an atmospheric pollutant.

14. Describe the mechanism of breathing with proper illustration.

15. Enumerate the events involved in the function of the human heart.

16. Write an essay on composition of blood.

17. Describe the various functions of the human male reproductive system.

18. Write an essay on menstrual cycle.

19. comment on various schemes suggested by the National Family Welfare Programmes and their importance.

Unit 2. Micro Biology

Part II

1. Define microbiology.

2. Mention the use of pure culture technique ?

3. What is meant by diploid cell strain ?

4. Classify different types of malaria.

5. What is amoebiasis ?

6. What does the term ‘Zooanthroponoses’ refer to ?

7. Listout notable antibiotics.

8. Enumerate the methods of diagnosis of AIDS.

9. Write the characteristics of species resistance.

10. Define zoonoses.

Part III

1. Briefly describe the structure of virus.

2. Write short notes on viral diseases in man.

3. Give a brief account of life cycle of Schistostoma haematobium.

4. Write an account on history of discovery and structure of HIV.

5. Enumerate the adaptations of pathogenic microbes.

6. Write the symptoms of AIDS, defined by WHO.

7. Write a note on control and preventive measures of AIDS.

Part IV

1. Give an account on cultivation of animal viruses

2. “Malaria-a major public health problem” - discuss.

Write an essay on Pathogenicity of micro organisms and infections.

Unit 3. Immunology

Part - II.

1. What is Immunology ?

2. What are the four types of infectious agents ?

3. Define innate immunity

4. What is lysozyme ?

5.What is phagocytosis ?

6. What is acquried immunity ?

Differentiate cell mediated and humoral immunity.

8. Differentiate active and passive adapted immunity.

9. What are the immunoglobins ?

10.What are the three main functions of antibodies ?

11. State the functions of spleen.

12. What is an immunogen ?

13. Define the term ‘antigen’ ?

14. What are haptens ?

15. Distinguish paratope and epitope.

16. Name the five classes of immunoglobins.

17. Distinguish the variable and constant region in the IG molecule.

18. Distinguish autograft and allograft.

19. How does Xenograft differ from Isograft ?

20. What are immuno suppressant drugs ?

Part - III

1. What are the specific features of adaptive immunity and specific immunity ?

2. Draw a labelled sketch of the structure of immunoglobulin.

3. Give an account of the structure and functions of immunoglobulin.

4. Briefly describe the genetic basis of tissue transplantation.

5. What are the symptoms of graft rejection ?

6. Give an account of immuno deficiency diseases.

7. Describe Bursa of Fabricius ?

8. What are the anatomical and physiological barriers in first line defence ?

Part - IV

1. Write an essay on lymphoidal organs and their functions.

2. Critically evaluate the transplantation immunology.

3. Write an essay on natural innate immunity

Give an account of the mechanisms of acquired immunity.

Unit 4. Modern Genetics

Part II

1. What is pedigree analysis ?

2. What are the clinical manifestations of thalassemia ?

3. Mention any two uses of karyotyping

4. What is foreign DNA in genetic engineering ?

5. What are cloning vectors ?

6. Name the bacterial species employed in genetic engineering.

7. What is called DNA segmenting ?

8. What is called differentiation ?

9. What is gene therapy? Name the two types of gene therapy.

10. What is a data base in bioinformatics ?

Part III

1. Give an account of albinism and SCID.

2.What are the seven groups in human chromosome karyotyping? Mention their respective schromosomes ?

3. What are the uses of recombinant DNA technology.

4. Mentions the ethical problems of cloning.

Part IV

1. Write an essay on DNA recombinant technology

2. Illustrate with example the cloning mechanism.

3. Give an account of human genome project.

4. Write an essay on bioinformatics.

5. Write an essay on protein structure and protein model and its uses.

Unit 5. Environmental Science

Part II

1. Define ecology.

2. How does population growth differ from food production?

3. What is known as global warming?

4. What are the effects of ozone depletion?

5. How is the sewage water treated by primary treatment method?

6. What is bio-diversity?

7. Write the characteristics of a bioreserve.

8. List out the names of bioreserves of India.

9. What is known as geothermal energy?

10. What are the advantages of solar energy?

11. What is known as relative poverty?

12. What is meant by seeding of clouds?

Part III

1. Write short notes on growing population and its impact on enviroment.

2. List out the effects of global warming.

3. “Ozone is a natural sun block” - Discuss.

4. Write about the various types of wastes.

5. Write short notes on waste water treatment and management.

6. Briefly describe the reasons for decline of biodiversity.

7. Write an account of fresh water resources.

Part IV

1. Write an essay on green house gases and their impact on the environment.

2. How will you manage hazardous wastes? Discuss it with current knowledge.

3. What is known as energy crisis? what are the steps to be taken to solve energy crisis?

4. Give an account on poverty?

5. “Conservation of freshwater” - sDiscuss.

Unit 6. Applied Biology

Part II

1. What is meant by dairy operations?

2. How are cattles classified ?

3. Compare the udder of Sindhi with kangayam.

4. How are dual purpose breeds helpful for mankind.

5. Write down the origin and distribution of the cattle kangayam.

6. How will you identify a healthy cattle?

7. Mention the bacterial disease of cattle and its symptoms.

8. What are the control measures of cow pox?

9. What is the first aid given to cattle for constipation?

10. List out the different types of diseases of cattle.

11. Define draught breeds.

12. What are the advantages of artificial insemination?

13. What is artificial insemination?

14. Define outbreeding.

15. Define cross breeding.

16. Compare the bullocks of Sindhi, Ongole and Kangayam.

17. Define breed.

Part III

1. Describe a dual purpose breed.

2. What is meant by exotic breeds? compare the lactational capacity of this breed

3. with milch breed?

4. How does contagious disease differ form non contagious disease. Describe any one of the non contagious diseases of cattle in detail?

5. What is the importance of dairy technolgy?

6. Write short notes on artificial insemination.

Part IV

1. Give an account on dairy breeds.

2. Write an essay on common diseases of cattle.

3.Discuss the various techniques adopted in cattle breeding.

Unit 7. Theories of Evolution

Part II

1. State the theory of Lamarck.

2. Define the law of use and disuse.

3. Quote the facts of neo-lamarckism.

4. Define the germ plasm theory.

5. State the view of McDougall.

6.. What is meant by “survival of the fittest”?

1. Mention any two objections to Darwinism.

2. Mention the significance of neo- Darwinism.

3. State the modern synthetic theory.

4. What is meant by “gene pool”?

5. Name two books that explain the basic concepts of evolution. 12.What is meant by chromosomal aberration?

13. State the law of genetic drift.

14. What is a species?

15. Define founder principle.

Part III

1. Write short notes on neo-Lamarckism.

2. Describe the modern concept of Natural selection.

3. Write down the mechanism that prevents inter specific crosses.

4. Briefly describe Sewal Wright effect.

5. Give an account of different types of species.

Part IV

1. Enumerate the principle of Lamarckism in support of evolution.

2. What are the conditions under which Hardy-Weinberg law operates?

Write an essay on theory of Natural selection.

Standard XII - Biology (Zoology) Syllabus Theory

I : Human physiology - Nutrition : Introduction - Carbohydrates - Proteins - Lipids - Vitamins - Minerals - Water - Balanced diet - Calorie values (ICMR standards) - Obesity - Hyperglycemia - hypoglycemia - Malnutritions.

Digestion : Enzymes and enzyme action - Brief account of following - Dental caries - Root canal therapy - Peptic ulcer - Hernia - Appendicitis - Gall bladder stone - Liver cirrhosis - Hepatitis.

Bones and Joints (Major types) : Fractures - Dislocations - Arthritis - Rickets and osteomalacia - Orthopaedics - Gout.

Muscles : Muscle action - Muscle tone - Rigor mortis - Muscle pull (hernia) - Isometric and aerobic exercises (Body building) - Myasthenia gravis.

Respiration : Process of pulmonary respiration - Inspiration - Expiration - Ex-change of gases at alveolar level - Control of respiration - Pneumonia - Pleurisy - Tuberculosis - Bronchitis - Breathing exercises

Circulation-Functioning of heart-Origin and conduction of heart beat. Artificial pacemaker-Coronary blood vessel and its significance-Myocardial infarction,Angina pectoris-Angiogram,angioplasty and coronary bipass surgery-Atherosclerosis-Heart attack-Heart block-ECG and Echo cardiograph-Heart valves Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)-ICCU-Arterial and venous systems-Blood pressure-pulse rate-Heart transplantation Resuscitation in Heart attack (First Aid)-Blood components Function-Plasma-Corpuscles -Blood clotting-Anticoagulants-Throm-bosis-Embolism-blood related diseases like polycythemia Leukemia-Lymph fluid.

Physiological-Co-ordination Systems-Brain-Functioning of different regions-Memory-Sleep-Stroke-Alzhemier’s disease-Meningitis/Brain fever Condi-tioned reflex-Electroencephalography-Right brain-left brain concept-Spinal cord-Functioning-Reflex action-CSF-Chemical co-ordination-Pituitary (Hormones of Ad-enohypophysis and their regulations)-Thyroid,Parathyroidal hormones-Insulin and Glucagon-Hormones of Adrenal cortex and Medulla-Reproductive Hormones-Prob-lems related to Secretion Non secretion of Hormones.

Receptor Organs-Eye-Focussing Mechanism & photo chemistry of retina-Short sightedness-Longsightedness-Optometry-Retinopathy-Cataract-Lens replacement-Nyctalopia-Eye infection-Conjunctivitis-Glaucuoma-Eye care-EAR-Hearing mecha-nism-Organ of corti-Hearing impairments and aids-Noise pollution and its impor-tance-SKIN-Melanin-functions-Effect of solar radiations/UV-Skin Grafting-Dematitis-TONGUE-Gustatory reception.

Excretion-Ureotelism-Urea Biosynthesis(Ornithine Cycle)-Nephron ultrafiltration,tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion-Renal failure-Dialysis Kid-ney stone formation-Kidney Transplantation-Diabetes.

Reproductive system-Brief account of speramtogenesis - Oogenesis Menstrual cycle-Invitro fertilization-Birthcontrol

II. Microbiology : Introduction-History of Medical Microbiology-The influence of Pasteur Koch, and Lister-Virology, Structure, Genetics, Culture and diseases-AIDS and its control-Bacteriology-Structure,Genetics and diseases-Protozoan microbiol-ogy-Disease oriented-Pathogenecity of Micro organism-Anti microbial resistance Chemotherapy.

III.Immunology: Innate(Non-specific) Immunity-Anatomical Barriers-Physiological Barriers-Phagocytic Barriers-Lymphoidal organs -Thymus-Bursa of Fabricius-Pe-ripheral Lymphoid Organs-Lymph nodes-Spleen-Antibodies-Immunoglobulins-Re-gions of polypepetide chain-Transplantation immunology-Classification of grafts-Genetic basis of organ transplants-Immune system disorder.

IV. Modern genetics : Introduction-Scope-Human Genetics karyotyping Chromo-some gene mapping, Recombinant DNA technology and segmenting.

Genetic diseases-Human Genome project-Cloning-Transgenic organisms Geneti-cally Modified Organisms (GMO)-Genetherapy-Bio informatics application-DNA sequencing and protein structure.Biological database-

V. Environmental science : Human population and explosion-Issue-Global warming Crisis Green House Effect-Ozone layer depletion Waste mangement-Biodiversiy conservation (Biosphere reserves) Government and Non Govermental organisations involved-Energy crisis and Environmental impact-Poverty and environment-Fresh water crisis and management.

VI. Applied biology : Livestock and Management-Dairy-Breeds of cattle-Milch breed-Draught breed-Dual purpose-Common diseases and control-Exotic and cross breeds-Techniques adopted in cattle breeding.

Poultry-Farming techniques-Breeds. Farming methods-Poultry diseases-Economic value.

Pisciculture-Fish farming-Edible fishes of Tamilnadu.

Medical Lab Techniques-Stethoscope-Sphygmomanometer-Heamocytometer-Urine-Sugar analysis-ECG-’PQRST’wave-CTScan-Endoscopic (Laproscopic) techniques-Artificial pacemaker-Auto analyser--

VII. Theories of evolution : Lamarckism-Neolamarckism-Darwinism-NeoDarwinism/ Modern concept of natural selection-Species concept-Origin of species and Isolat-

ing Mechanisms

SYLLABUS FOR PRACTICAL

ZOOLOGY - (Short Version)

STANDARD - XII

1. Qualitative test for carboydrates, proteins and lipids - 1 test each

2. Test of urea in urine of a mammal

3. Rate of activity of human salivary amylase in relation to temperature.

4. Study of perpared slides - Entamoeba, Scolex of tapeworm, mature proglottis, Red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles

5. Models and specimens - Mammalian Brain / model, Eye model, Ear model, Mammalian Kidney - Nephron model, Heart model

6. Instruments / Drugs -

Stethescope

Sphygmomonometer

An eye drop bottle having antibiotic fluid

Eye lotion

Bifocal eye lens

7. Project Report (minimum two)

Visit to Medical Laboratory or Hospital or Research Laboratory

Visit to a Dairy or Poultry or Fish farm

Visit to a site havintg rain water harvesting

UNIT 1. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT 2. MICROBIOLOGY

UNIT 3. IMMUNOLOGY

UNIT 4. MODERN GENETICS

UNIT 5. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

UNIT 6. APPLIED BIOLOGY

UNIT 7. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

List of Department

Thursday 31 March 2016

12 th Std Class Zoology - Importance questions with Answer Key