Thursday 10 May 2018

Medical Immunology - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers



Medical Immunology
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers




Subject : Medical Immunology

Introduction

  1. Historical Overview - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
  2. General Concepts - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
  3. Cells of the Immune System - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
  4. Antigens and Antibodies - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
  5. Lymphocytes and Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
  6. Self Versus Nonself Discrimination - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
  7. General Overview - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
  8. Immunology and Medicine - Answer (click here)

Cells and Tissues Involved in the Immune Response

  1. Cells of the Immune System - Answer (click here)
  2. Lymphoid Tissues and Organs - Answer (click here)
  3. Lymphocyte Traffic - Answer (click here)

Major Histocompatibility Complex

  1. Major Histocompatibility Complex - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
  2. Classification, Structure, and Detection of HLA Genes and Gene Products - Answer (click here)
  3. Cellular Distribution of the MHC Antigens - Answer (click here)
  4. Chromosomal Localization and Arrangement of the MHC Genes - Answer (click here)
  5. Genetics of the MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) - Answer (click here)
  6. MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) Complex and the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
  7. MHC-Disease Associations - Answer (click here)

The Induction of an Immune Response Antigens Lymphocytes and Accessory Cells

  1. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
  2. Antigenic Determinants - Answer (click here)
  3. Characteristics of Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
  4. Factors Associated With the Induction of an Immune Response - Answer (click here)
  5. Exogenous and Endogenous Antigens - Answer (click here)
  6. T-B Cell Cooperation in Antibody Responses - Answer (click here)
  7. T-Dependent and T-Independent Antigens - Answer (click here)
  8. Induction of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
  9. Activation of Helper T Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
  10. Antigen Presentation and Activation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
  11. Stimulation of a B-Lymphocyte Response by a T-Dependent Antigen - Answer (click here)

Immunoglobulin Structure

  1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): The Prototype Immunoglobulin Molecule - Answer (click here)
  2. Structural and Antigenic Heterogeneity of Heavy and Light Chains - Answer (click here)
  3. Immunoglobulin Regions and Domains - Answer (click here)
  4. The Immunoglobulin Superfamily of Proteins - Answer (click here)
  5. The Antibody-Combining Site - Answer (click here)
  6. Immunoglobulin M: A Polymeric Molecule - Answer (click here)
  7. Immunoglobulin A: A Molecularly Heterogeneous Immunoglobulin - Answer (click here)
  8. The Minor Immunoglobulin Classes: IgD And IgE - Answer (click here)

Biosynthesis Metabolism and Biological Properties of Immunoglobulins

  1. Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  2. Immunoglobulin Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  3. Biological Properties of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)

Genetics of Immunoglobulins

  1. Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement - Answer (click here)
  2. Genetic Basis of Antibody Diversity - Answer (click here)
  3. Antigenic Determinants of Immunoglobulin Molecules - Answer (click here)
  4. DNA Polymorphisms: RFLPS - Answer (click here)
  5. Allelic Exclusion - Answer (click here)
  6. GM Allotypes and IGG Subclass Concentrations - Answer (click here)
  7. Immunoglobulin Allotypes, Immune Response, and Diseases - Answer (click here)

Antigen Antibody Reactions

  1. General Characteristics of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer (click here)
  2. Specific Types of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  3. Biological Consequences of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer (click here)

The Complement System

  1. The Complement System - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
  2. The Classical Complement Pathway - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)
  3. The Alternative Complement Pathway - Answer (click here)
  4. Activation and Inactivation of C3 - Answer (click here)
  5. Few Complement-Activation Pathways - Answer (click here)
  6. Complement Receptors in Human Cell Membranes - Answer (click here)
  7. Pathological Situations Associated With Exaggerated Complement Activation - Answer (click here)
  8. Complement Levels in Disease - Answer (click here)
  9. Microbial Anticomplementary Mechanisms - Answer (click here)

Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers

  1. Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers - Answer (click here)
  2. Approaches to the Study of Lymphocyte Diversity and Ontogeny - Answer (click here)
  3. Major Steps in the Differentiation of T And B Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
  4. B Lymphocyte Ontogeny - Answer (click here)
  5. T-Lymphocyte Ontogeny - Answer (click here)
  6. Natural Killer Cells - Answer (click here)
  7. Dendritic Cells - Answer (click here)

Cell Mediated Immunity

  1. T-Cell Activation - Answer (click here)
  2. Inactivation of T-Cell Responses - Answer (click here)
  3. T-Helper-Cell Subsets and their Regulatory Roles - Answer (click here)
  4. The Role of Helper T Cells in Inflammatory Responses - Answer (click here)
  5. T-Cell Help and the Humoral Immune Response - Answer (click here)
  6. Activation and Differentiation of Cd8+ Cytotoxic T Cells - Answer (click here)
  7. Activation and Function of Natural Killer Cells - Answer (click here)
  8. Regulatory Cells and the Immune Response - Answer (click here)

The Humoral Immune Response and Its Induction by Active Immunization

  1. Overview of the Induction of a Humoral Immune Response to an Immunogen - Answer (click here)
  2. The Primary Immune Response - Answer (click here)
  3. The Secondary or Anamnestic Response - Answer (click here)
  4. The Fate of Antigens on the Primary and Secondary Responses - Answer (click here)
  5. The Mucosal Humoral Immune Response - Answer (click here)
  6. Immunization - Answer (click here)
  7. Types of Vaccines - Answer (click here)

Phagocytic Cells

  1. Physiology of the Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes - Answer (click here)
  2. Physiology of the Monocyte/Macrophage - Answer (click here)
  3. Laboratory Evaluation of Phagocytic Function - Answer (click here)

Infections and Immunity

  1. Nonspecific Anti-Infectious Defense Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
  2. Natural Antibodies - Answer (click here)
  3. The Protective Role of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
  4. The Protective Role of Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
  5. Immune Deficiency Syndromes as Models For Study Of Immune Defenses Against Infections in Humans - Answer (click here)
  6. Escape From the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
  7. Abnormal Consequences of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
  8. Epilogue - Answer (click here)

Diagnostic Immunology

  1. General Principles of Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
  2. Precipitation Assays - Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
  3. Assay Methods Based on Agglutination - Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
  4. Tests Based on Complement Fixation - Immunoserology - Answer (click here)
  5. Tests Based on Immunofluorescence - Answer (click here)
  6. Radioimmunoassay - Answer (click here)
  7. Enzyme Immunoassay - Answer (click here)
  8. Laboratory Tests for Assessment of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer (click here)
  9. Laboratory Tests For Assessment of Lymphocyte Function - Answer (click here)

Tolerance and Autoimmunity

  1. Historical Introduction - Tolerance and Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
  2. Definition and General Characteristics of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
  3. Acquired Tolerance; Tolerogenic Conditions - Answer (click here)
  4. Experimental Approaches to the Definition of the Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Tolerance - Answer (click here)
  5. T-Lymphocyte Tolerance Models - Answer (click here)
  6. Downregulation of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
  7. Termination of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
  8. Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
  9. Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
  10. Pathogenic Factors Involved in the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
  11. Animal Models of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
  12. Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)

Organ Specific Autoimmune Diseases

  1. Autoimmune Diseases of the Thyroid Gland - Answer (click here)
  2. Addison’s Disease (Chronic Primary Hypoadrenalism) - Answer (click here)
  3. Autoimmune Diseases of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
  4. Autoimmune Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver - Answer (click here)
  5. Autoimmune Diseases of the Neuromuscular Systems - Answer (click here)
  6. Autoimmune Diseases of the Blood Cells - Answer (click here)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

  1. Clinical Manifestations - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click here)
  2. Immunological Abnormalities in SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) - Answer (click here)
  3. Pathogenesis of SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) - Answer (click here)
  4. Treatment - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click here)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

  1. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
  2. Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
  3. Rheumatoid Factor and Anti-immunoglobulin Antibodies - Answer (click here)
  4. Genetic Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
  5. Cell-Mediated Immunity Abnormalities in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
  6. Overview of Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)
  7. Therapy - Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)

Hypersensitivity Reactions

  1. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions (IGE-Mediated Hypersensitivity, Immediate Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
  3. Cytotoxic Reactions (Type Ii Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
  4. Immune Complex–Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type III Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here)
  5. Delayed (Type IV) Hypersensitivity Reactions - Answer (click here)

IgE Mediated Immediate Hypersensitivity

  1. Major Clinical Expressions - IgE-Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
  2. Pathogenesis - IgE Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
  3. IgE Antibodies - Answer (click here)
  4. The IgE Antibody Response - Answer (click here)
  5. Genetic Control of IgE Synthesis - Answer (click here)
  6. Interaction of IgE with Cell Surface Receptors - Answer (click here)
  7. Early and Late Phases in Type I Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
  8. Prevention and Therapy - IgE-Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)

Immunohematology

  1. Introduction: Blood Groups - Immunohematology - Answer (click here)
  2. Serological Principles of Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here)
  3. Blood Transfusion Reactions - Answer (click here)
  4. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) - Answer (click here)
  5. Immune Hemolytic Anemias - Answer (click here)

Immune Complex Diseases

  1. Immune Complex Diseases - Answer (click here)
  2. Physiopathology of Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here)
  3. Host Factors that Influence the Development of Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here)
  4. Detection of Soluble Immune Complexes - Answer (click here)
  5. The Role of Immune Complexes in Human Disease - Answer (click here)
  6. Therapeutic Approaches to Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here)

Immune System Modulators

  1. Immune System Modulators: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Immunosuppression: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  3. Immunosuppressive Drugs: Pharmacological and Immunological Aspects - Answer (click here)
  4. Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
  5. Adverse Consequences of Prolonged Immunosuppression - Answer (click here)
  6. Cytokine Modifiers - Answer (click here)
  7. Immunopotentiation - Answer (click here)

Transplantation Immunology

  1. Transplantation Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Donor-Recipient Matching - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
  3. Graft Rejection - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
  4. Immunosuppression - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)
  5. Graft-Versus-Host Reaction - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)

Tumor Immunology

  1. Tumor Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Immunogenicity of Tumors - Answer (click here)
  3. Effector Mechanisms in Cancer Immunity - Answer (click here)
  4. Factors Affecting Tumor Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
  5. Immunotherapy - Answer (click here)

Malignancies of the Immune System

  1. B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
  2. Physiopathology of B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
  3. Clinical Presentations of B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here)
  4. Leukemias and Lymphomas - Answer (click here)
  5. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - Answer (click here)
  6. Hairy Cell Leukemia - Answer (click here)
  7. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemias - Answer (click here)

Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases

  1. Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Diagnostic Studies - Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
  3. Diagnostic Evaluation of Humoral Immunity - Answer (click here)
  4. Diagnostic Evaluation of Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
  5. Diagnostic Evaluation of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer (click here)
  6. Diagnostic Evaluation of Complement Function - Answer (click here)

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

  1. Humoral Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
  2. Infantile Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton-Janeway Syndrome) - Answer (click here)
  3. Common, Variable, Unclassified Immunodeficiency (“Acquired” Hypogammaglobulinemia) - Answer (click here)
  4. Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency - Answer (click here)
  5. X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome - Answer (click here)
  6. Antigen-Selective Immune Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
  7. Cellular Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
  8. Severe, Combined Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here)
  9. Other Forms of Combined Immune Deficiency - Answer (click here)
  10. Phagocytic Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
  11. Complement Deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)

AIDS and Other Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases

  1. Secondary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
  2. The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
  3. General Characteristics of HIV - Answer (click here)
  4. Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS - Answer (click here)
  5. HIV and the Immune System - Answer (click here)
  6. Natural History of an HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
  7. Clinical Stages of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
  8. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
  9. Serological Diagnosis of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
  10. Therapy - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
  11. Immunoprophylaxis - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)
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