Thursday, 10 May 2018

Microbiology and Immunology - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers



Microbiology and Immunology
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers




Subject : Microbiology and Immunology

General Microbiology History of Microbiology

  1. History of Microbiology - Answer (click here)
  2. Historical Background of Microbiology - Answer (click here)
  3. Microorganisms as a Cause of Disease - Answer (click here)
  4. Study of Viruses - Answer (click here)
  5. Phenomenon of Immunity - Answer (click here)
  6. Specificity of the Antibody Molecule - Answer (click here)
  7. Chemotherapeutic Agents - Answer (click here)

Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria

  1. Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  2. Size of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Microscopy and Types of Microscopy - Answer (click here)
  4. Light microscopy - Answer (click here)
  5. Fluorescence microscopy - Answer (click here)
  6. Electron microscopy - Answer (click here)
  7. Study of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  8. Staining Methods used in diagnostic microbiology - Answer (click here)
  9. Shape of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  10. Cell Wall - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope - Answer (click here)
  11. Cell Membrane - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope - Answer (click here)
  12. Cytoplasm - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope - Answer (click here)
  13. Nucleus - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope - Answer (click here)
  14. Capsule and Slime Layer - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope - Answer (click here)
  15. Surface Appendages - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope - Answer (click here)
  16. Sporulation - Structure and Functions of Bacterial Cell Envelope - Answer (click here)
  17. Growth and Multiplication of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  18. Bacterial Count - Answer (click here)
  19. Bacterial Growth Curve - Answer (click here)
  20. Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  21. Bacterial Nutrition - Answer (click here)

Sterilizationand Disinfection

  1. Definition of Frequently Used Terms in Sterilizationand Disinfection - Answer (click here)
  2. Sterilization - Answer (click here)
  3. Physical Methods of Sterilization - Answer (click here)
  4. Chemical Methods of Sterilization - Answer (click here)
  5. Sterilization by moist heat - Answer (click here)
  6. Sterilization by dry heat - Answer (click here)
  7. Disinfection - Answer (click here)
  8. Properties of Ideal Disinfectant - Answer (click here)
  9. Action of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
  10. Factors Influencing Activity of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
  11. Types of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)
  12. Testing of Disinfectants - Answer (click here)

Culture Media

  1. Culture Media - Answer (click here)
  2. Ingredients of Culture Media - Answer (click here)
  3. Types of Culture Media - Answer (click here)

Culture Methods

  1. Culture Methods - Answer (click here)
  2. Methods of Culture - Answer (click here)
  3. Anaerobic Culture: Specimen, Culture Media, Methods - Answer (click here)

Laboratory Identification of Bacteria and Taxonomy

  1. Identification of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  2. Biochemical Reactions - Identification of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Typing of Bacterial Strains - Answer (click here)
  4. Bacterial Taxonomy - Answer (click here)
  5. Bacterial Classification - Answer (click here)
  6. Nomenclature of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)

Bacterial Genetics

  1. Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
  2. Chromosomal Substances - Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
  3. Mutations - Answer (click here)
  4. Extrachromosomal DNA Substances - Answer (click here)
  5. Transfer of DNA Within Bacterial Cells - Answer (click here)
  6. Transfer of DNA Between Bacterial Cells - Answer (click here)

Genetic Engineering and Molecular Methods

  1. DNA: An Amazing Molecule - Answer (click here)
  2. Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
  3. Nucleic Acid Probes - Answer (click here)
  4. Polymerase Chain Reaction - Answer (click here)
  5. Recombinant DNA Technology - Microbiology and Immunology - Answer (click here)
  6. Genetically Modified Organisms - Answer (click here)
  7. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)

Antimicrobial Agents Therapy and Resistance

  1. Antimicrobial Agents Therapy and Resistance - Answer (click here)
  2. Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Drugs - Answer (click here)
  3. Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance - Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs - Answer (click here)
  4. Nongenetic and Genetic Basis of Resistance - Answer (click here)
  5. Specific Mechanisms of Resistance - Answer (click here)
  6. Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing - Answer (click here)
  7. Antibacterial Assays in Body Fluids - Answer (click here)

Microbial Pathogenesis

  1. Microbial Pathogenesis: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Types of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
  3. Infection and Types of Infections - Answer (click here)
  4. Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
  5. Transmission of Infection - Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
  6. Entry of Organisms and Evasion of Local Defenses - Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
  7. Adherence to Cell Surfaces - Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Growth and Multiplication of Bacteria at the Site of Adherence - Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Manifestations and Termination of Disease - Stages of Pathogenesis of Infections - Answer (click here)
  10. Stages of an Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)

Immunity

  1. Immunity - Answer (click here)
  2. Types of Immunity - Answer (click here)
  3. Innate Immunity - Answer (click here)
  4. Factors influencing innate immunity - Answer (click here)
  5. Mechanisms of innate immunity - Answer (click here)
  6. Mediators of inflammatory reactions - Answer (click here)
  7. Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity and its Types - Answer (click here)

Antigen

  1. Antigen: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Determinants of Antigenicity - Answer (click here)
  3. Antigenic Specificity: Epitopes - Answer (click here)
  4. Species Specificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
  5. Isospecificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
  6. Autospecificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
  7. Organ Specificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
  8. Heterophile Specificity - Antigen - Answer (click here)
  9. Haptens - Answer (click here)
  10. Superantigens - Answer (click here)

Antibodies

  1. Antibodies: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Structure of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
  3. Treatment of Immunoglobulins with Proteolytic Enzymes - Answer (click here)
  4. Immunoglobulin Antigen Determinants - Answer (click here)
  5. Biosynthesis of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
  6. Metabolism of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
  7. Immunoglobulin Classes - Answer (click here)
  8. Abnormal Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)

Antigen Antibody Reactions

  1. General Features of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  2. Stages of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  3. Types of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  4. Precipitation - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  5. Types of precipitation reactions - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  6. Agglutination - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  7. Types of agglutination reactions: Direct, Passive - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  8. Complement Dependent Serological Tests - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  9. Neutralization Tests - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  10. Opsonization - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  11. Immunofluorescence - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  12. Enzyme Immunoassays - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  13. Radioimmunoassay - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  14. Western Blotting - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  15. Chemiluminescence Assay - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
  16. Immunoelectronmicroscopic Tests - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)

Complement System

  1. Complement System - Answer (click here)
  2. Activation of Complement - Answer (click here)
  3. Regulation of Complement System - Answer (click here)
  4. Biological Effects of Complement - Answer (click here)
  5. Deficiency of Complement - Answer (click here)
  6. Biosynthesis of Complement - Answer (click here)
  7. Quantitation of Complement - Answer (click here)

Structure and Function Imune System

  1. Structure and Function Imune System: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Lymphoid Tissues and Organs - Answer (click here)
  3. Lymphatic Circulatory System - Answer (click here)
  4. Cells of the Lymphoreticular System - Answer (click here)
  5. Thymus-derived cells - Answer (click here)
  6. Bone marrow-derived cells - Answer (click here)
  7. Antigen-presenting cells - Answer (click here)
  8. Effector cells that function to eliminate antigens - Answer (click here)
  9. Major Histocompatibility Complex - Answer (click here)

Immune Response

  1. Humoral Immunity - Answer (click here)
  2. Production of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
  3. Theories of antibody formation - Answer (click here)
  4. Factors affecting production of antibodies - Answer (click here)
  5. Immunosuppressive agents - Answer (click here)
  6. Monoclonal Antibodies and Method of production - Answer (click here)
  7. Function of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
  8. Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
  9. Induction of CMI - Answer (click here)
  10. Cytokines and Categories of cytokines - Answer (click here)
  11. Tests for Detection of CMI - Answer (click here)
  12. Transfer Factor - Answer (click here)
  13. Immunological Tolerance - Answer (click here)
  14. Mechanisms of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
  15. Types of Immune Tolerance - Answer (click here)

Immunodeficiency

  1. Immunodeficiency: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Primary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
  3. B-Cell Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
  4. T-Cell Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
  5. Combined B-Cell and T-Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
  6. Complement Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
  7. Phagocyte Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
  8. Secondary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here)
  9. B-Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
  10. T-Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here)
  11. Complement Deficiencies - Answer (click here)

Hypersensitivity

  1. Hypersensitivity: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Type I (Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
  3. Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
  4. Type III (Immune-Complex) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
  5. Type IV Delayed (Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
  6. Type V (Stimulatory Type) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)
  7. Types of DTH(delayed type hyper-sensitivity) Reactions - Answer (click here)
  8. Mechanism of DTH(delayed type hyper-sensitivity) - Answer (click here)
  9. Immune-Complex Diseases - Answer (click here)

Autoimmunity

  1. Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
  2. Tolerance and Mechanisms of Tolerance - Answer (click here)
  3. Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
  4. Mechanisms in Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
  5. Autoimmune Pathological Process - Answer (click here)
  6. Animal Models of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here)
  7. Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)

Immunology of Transplantation and Malignancy

  1. Transplant Immunology and Types of Transplants - Answer (click here)
  2. Allograft Rejection - Transplant Immunology - Answer (click here)
  3. Graft-Versus-Host Reaction - Transplant Immunology - Answer (click here)
  4. Tumor Immunology - Answer (click here)
  5. Features of Malignant Cells - Answer (click here)
  6. Tumor Antigens - Answer (click here)
  7. Immune Reactions against Tumors - Answer (click here)
  8. Immunosurveillance - Answer (click here)
  9. Immunotherapy of Cancer - Answer (click here)

Immunohematology

  1. ABO Blood Group System and Antigens - Answer (click here)
  2. Rh Blood Group System and Antigens - Answer (click here)
  3. Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here)
  4. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) - Answer (click here)
  5. ABO Hemolytic Diseases - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Staphylococcus

  1. Staphylococcus - Answer (click here)
  2. Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
  3. Properties of the Bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
  4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
  5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
  6. Clinical Syndromes of Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
  7. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
  8. Laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcal infections - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
  9. Treatment of staphylococcal infection - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
  10. Prevention and Control of staphylococcal infection - Staphylococcus aureus - Answer (click here)
  11. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - Answer (click here)
  12. Micrococcus, Planococcus, Stomatococcus - Staphylococcus - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Streptococcus and Enterococcus

  1. Streptococcus - Answer (click here)
  2. Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
  3. Properties of the Bacteria - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
  4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
  5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
  6. Clinical Syndromes - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
  7. Epidemiology - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
  8. Laboratory Diagnosis - Streptococcus pyogenes - Answer (click here)
  9. Treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes infections - Answer (click here)
  10. Prevention and Control of Streptococcus pyogenes infections - Answer (click here)
  11. Streptococcus agalactiae - Answer (click here)
  12. Other Hemolytic Streptococci - Answer (click here)
  13. Viridans Streptococci - Answer (click here)
  14. Enterococcus - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Pneumococusm

  1. Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
  2. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
  3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Syndromes - Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
  5. Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumonia - Answer (click here)
  6. Laboratory Diagnosis - Streptococcus pneumonia infections - Answer (click here)
  7. Treatment of Streptococcus pneumonia infections - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Neisseria

  1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
  2. Properties of the Bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection - Answer (click here)
  9. Prevention and Control of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection - Answer (click here)
  10. Neisseria meningitides: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  11. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Neisseria meningitides - Answer (click here)
  12. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Neisseria meningitides - Answer (click here)
  13. Clinical Syndromes - Neisseria meningitides - Answer (click here)
  14. Epidemiology of Neisseria meningitides - Answer (click here)
  15. Laboratory Diagnosis of Neisseria meningitides infections - Answer (click here)
  16. Treatment of Neisseria meningitides infections - Answer (click here)
  17. Prevention and Control of Neisseria meningitides infections - Answer (click here)
  18. Other Neisseria Bacteria Species - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Corynebacterium

  1. Corynebacterium - Answer (click here)
  2. Corynebacterium diphtheria: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Corynebacterium diphtheria - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Syndromes - Corynebacterium diphtheria - Answer (click here)
  5. Epidemiology of Corynebacterium diphtheria - Answer (click here)
  6. Laboratory Diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheria infections - Answer (click here)
  7. Treatment of Corynebacterium diphtheria infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Prevention and Control of Corynebacterium diphtheria infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Other Pathogenic Corynebacterium Species - Answer (click here)
  10. Few Coryneform Genera - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Bacillus

  1. Bacillus: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
  3. Properties of the Bacteria Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
  4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
  5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
  6. Clinical Syndromes - Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
  7. Epidemiology - Bacillus anthracis - Answer (click here)
  8. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacillus anthracis infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Treatment of Bacillus anthracis infections - Answer (click here)
  10. Prevention and Control of Bacillus anthracis infections - Answer (click here)
  11. Anthracoid Bacilli - Answer (click here)
  12. Bacillus cereus - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Clostridium

  1. Clostridium - Answer (click here)
  2. General Properties of Clostridia - Answer (click here)
  3. Clostridium perfringens: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Clostridium perfringens - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Clostridium perfringens - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Clostridium perfringens - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Clostridium perfringens infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Clostridium tetani: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  10. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Clostridium tetani - Answer (click here)
  11. Clinical Syndromes - Clostridium tetani - Answer (click here)
  12. Epidemiology - Clostridium tetani - Answer (click here)
  13. Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium tetani infections - Answer (click here)
  14. Treatment of Clostridium tetani infections - Answer (click here)
  15. Prevention and Control of Clostridium tetani infections - Answer (click here)
  16. Clostridium botulinum: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  17. Pathogenicity and Immunity - Clostridium botulinum - Answer (click here)
  18. Clinical Syndromes - Clostridium botulinum - Answer (click here)
  19. Epidemiology - Clostridium botulinum - Answer (click here)
  20. Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium botulinum infections - Answer (click here)
  21. Treatment of Clostridium botulinum infections - Answer (click here)
  22. Prevention and Control of Clostridium botulinum infections - Answer (click here)
  23. Clostridium difficile - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Nonsporing Anaerobes

  1. Nonsporing Anaerobes - Answer (click here)
  2. Anaerobic Bacilli - Answer (click here)
  3. Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli - Answer (click here)
  4. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli - Answer (click here)

Coliforms

  1. Coliforms - Answer (click here)
  2. Escherichia - Answer (click here)
  3. Escherichia coli: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
  5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Escherichia coli Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Escherichia coli Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Edwardsiella - Answer (click here)
  10. Citrobacter - Nonsporing Anaerobes - Answer (click here)
  11. Klebsiella - Answer (click here)
  12. Enterobacter - Answer (click here)
  13. Hafnia - Answer (click here)
  14. Serratia - Answer (click here)
  15. Proteus - Answer (click here)
  16. Proteus: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  17. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Proteus - Answer (click here)
  18. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Proteus - Answer (click here)
  19. Clinical Syndromes - Proteus - Answer (click here)
  20. Epidemiology - Proteus - Answer (click here)
  21. Laboratory Diagnosis of Proteus Infections - Answer (click here)
  22. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Proteus Infections - Answer (click here)
  23. Morganella - Answer (click here)
  24. Providencia - Answer (click here)
  25. Erwinia - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Salmonella

  1. Salmonella - Answer (click here)
  2. Salmonella: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Salmonella - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Salmonella - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Salmonella - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Salmonella - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Salmonella Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment of Salmonella Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Prevention and Control of Salmonella Infections - Answer (click here)
  10. Salmonella Gastroenteritis - Answer (click here)
  11. Salmonella Bacteremia - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Shigella

  1. Shigella - Answer (click here)
  2. Shigella: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Shigella - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Shigella - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Shigella - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Shigella - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Shigella Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment and Prevention and Control of Shigella Infections - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Yersinia

  1. Yersinia - Answer (click here)
  2. Yersinia pestis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Yersinia pestis - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Yersinia pestis - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Yersinia pestis - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Yersinia pestis - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Yersinia pestis Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment of Yersinia pestis Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Prevention and Control of Yersinia pestis Infections - Answer (click here)
  10. Yersinia enterocolitica - Answer (click here)
  11. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology VibrioAeromonasand Plesiomonas

  1. Vibrio cholerae: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  2. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Vibrio cholerae - Answer (click here)
  3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Vibrio cholerae - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Syndromes - Vibrio cholerae - Answer (click here)
  5. Epidemiology - Vibrio cholerae - Answer (click here)
  6. Laboratory Diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae Infections - Answer (click here)
  7. Treatment of Vibrio cholerae Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Prevention and Control of Vibrio cholerae Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Noncholera Vibrios - Answer (click here)
  10. Vibrio mimicus - Answer (click here)
  11. Halophilic Vibrios - Answer (click here)
  12. Aeromonas - Answer (click here)
  13. Plesiomonas - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Campylobacter and Helicobacter

  1. Campylobacter: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  2. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Campylobacter - Answer (click here)
  3. Clinical Syndrome - Campylobacter - Answer (click here)
  4. Epidemiology - Campylobacter - Answer (click here)
  5. Laboratory Diagnosis of Campylobacter Infections - Answer (click here)
  6. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Campylobacter Infections - Answer (click here)
  7. Helicobacter - Answer (click here)
  8. Helicobacter pylori: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  9. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Helicobacter pylori - Answer (click here)
  10. Clinical Syndrome - Helicobacter pylori - Answer (click here)
  11. Epidemiology - Helicobacter pylori - Answer (click here)
  12. Laboratory Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infections - Answer (click here)
  13. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Helicobacter pylori Infections - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Pseudomonas Burkholderia and Moraxell

  1. Pseudomonas - Answer (click here)
  2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Burkholderia: Burkholderia cepacia, mallei, pseudomallei - Answer (click here)
  10. Moraxella - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Haemophilus Pasteurella and Actinobacillus

  1. Haemophilu - Answer (click here)
  2. Haemophilus influenza: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Structures and Antigenic Properties - Haemophilus influenza - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Haemophilus influenza - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Haemophilus influenza - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Haemophilus influenza - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemophilus influenza Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Haemophilus influenza Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Few Haemophilus Species - Answer (click here)
  10. Pasteurella - Answer (click here)
  11. Actinobacillus - Answer (click here)
  12. HACEK Group of Bacteria - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Bordetella and Francisella

  1. Bordetella - Answer (click here)
  2. Bordetella pertussis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Properties - Bordetella pertussis - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Bordetella pertussis - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Bordetella pertussis - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Bordetella pertussis - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Bordetella pertussis Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Bordetella parapertussis - Answer (click here)
  10. Bordetella bronchiseptica - Answer (click here)
  11. Francisella tularensis: Properties of the bacteria - Answer (click here)
  12. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Francisella tularensis - Answer (click here)
  13. Clinical Syndromes and Epidemiology - Francisella tularensis - Answer (click here)
  14. Laboratory Diagnosis of Francisella tularensis Infections - Answer (click here)
  15. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Francisella tularensis Infections - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Brucella

  1. Brucella - Answer (click here)
  2. Brucella: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Brucella - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Brucella - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Brucella - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Brucella - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Brucella Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Brucella Infections - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
  2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: General Properties - Answer (click here)
  3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
  5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
  6. Clinical Syndromes - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
  7. Complications of Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
  8. Epidemiology - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
  9. Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections - Answer (click here)
  10. Treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections - Answer (click here)
  11. Prevention and Control for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

  1. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria - Answer (click here)
  2. Photochromogens - Answer (click here)
  3. Scotochromogens - Answer (click here)
  4. Nonphotochromogens - Answer (click here)
  5. Rapid Growers - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium

  1. Mycobacterium leprae: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  2. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Mycobacterium leprae - Answer (click here)
  3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Mycobacterium leprae - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Syndromes - Mycobacterium leprae - Answer (click here)
  5. Epidemiology - Mycobacterium leprae - Answer (click here)
  6. Laboratory Diagnosis for Mycobacterium leprae Infections - Answer (click here)
  7. Treatment for Mycobacterium leprae Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Prevention and Control for Mycobacterium leprae Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Mycobacterium lepraemurium - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Treponema Borrelia and Leptospira

  1. Treponema - Answer (click here)
  2. Treponema pallidum: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Treponema pallidum - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Treponema pallidum - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Treponema pallidum - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Treponema pallidum - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Treponema pallidum Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Treponema pallidum Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Nonvenereal Treponematosis - Answer (click here)
  10. Nonpathogenic Treponemes - Answer (click here)
  11. Borrelia - Answer (click here)
  12. Borrelia recurrentis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  13. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Borrelia recurrentis - Answer (click here)
  14. Clinical Syndromes - Borrelia recurrentis - Answer (click here)
  15. Epidemiology - Borrelia recurrentis - Answer (click here)
  16. Laboratory Diagnosis - Borrelia recurrentis infections - Answer (click here)
  17. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Borrelia recurrentis infections - Answer (click here)
  18. Borrelia vincenti - Answer (click here)
  19. Borrelia burgdorferi - Answer (click here)
  20. Leptospira: Classification - Answer (click here)
  21. Leptospira interrogans Complex: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  22. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Leptospira interrogans Complex - Answer (click here)
  23. Clinical Syndromes - Leptospira interrogans Complex - Answer (click here)
  24. Epidemiology - Leptospira interrogans Complex - Answer (click here)
  25. Laboratory Diagnosis - Leptospira interrogans Complex Infections - Answer (click here)
  26. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Leptospira interrogans Complex Infections - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

  1. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma - Answer (click here)
  2. Mycoplasma pneumonia: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Mycoplasma pneumonia - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Mycoplasma pneumonia - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Mycoplasma pneumonia - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Mycoplasma pneumonia - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Mycoplasma pneumonia Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Mycoplasma pneumonia Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Genital Mycoplasma Species - Answer (click here)
  10. Ureaplasma urealyticum - Answer (click here)
  11. Atypical Pneumonia - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Actinomycetes

  1. Actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
  2. Actinomyces: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Actinomyces - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Syndromes and Epidemiology - Actinomyces - Answer (click here)
  5. Laboratory Diagnosis - Actinomyces Infections - Answer (click here)
  6. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Actinomyces Infections - Answer (click here)
  7. Nocardia - Answer (click here)
  8. Nocardia: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  9. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Nocardia - Answer (click here)
  10. Clinical Syndromes - Nocardia - Answer (click here)
  11. Epidemiology - Nocardia - Answer (click here)
  12. Laboratory Diagnosis - Nocardia Infections - Answer (click here)
  13. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Nocardia Infections - Answer (click here)
  14. Rhodococcus - Answer (click here)
  15. Gordonia, Tsukamurella, Thermophilic Actinomyces, Tropheryma whippelii, Dermatophilus, Oerskovia - Actinomycetes - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Miscellaneous Bacteria

  1. Listeria monocytogenes - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  2. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Alcaligenes faecalis - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  4. Chromobacterium violaceum - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  5. Flavobacterium meningosepticum - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  6. Calymmatobacterium - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  7. Streptobacillus moniliformis - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  8. Spirillum minus - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  9. Legionella - Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  10. Legionella pneumophila: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  11. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Legionella pneumophila - Answer (click here)
  12. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Legionella pneumophila - Answer (click here)
  13. Clinical Sydromes - Legionella pneumophila - Answer (click here)
  14. Epidemiology - Legionella pneumophila - Answer (click here)
  15. Laboratory Diagnosis - Legionella pneumophila Infections - Answer (click here)
  16. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Legionella pneumophila Infections - Answer (click here)
  17. Bartonella - Answer (click here)
  18. Capnocytophaga - Answer (click here)
  19. Gardnerella vaginalis - Bacteria - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Rickettsia Orientia Ehrlichia and Coxiella

  1. Rickettsia, Orientia Ehrlichia, and Coxiella - Answer (click here)
  2. Genus Rickettsia: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  3. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Genus Rickettsia - Answer (click here)
  4. Typhus Fever Group - Answer (click here)
  5. Rickettsia prowazekii - Answer (click here)
  6. Rickettsia typhi - Answer (click here)
  7. Spotted Fever Group - Answer (click here)
  8. Rickettsia rickettsiae - Answer (click here)
  9. Rickettsia akari - Answer (click here)
  10. Orientia tsutsugamushi - Genus Orientia - Answer (click here)
  11. Genus Ehrlichia - Answer (click here)
  12. Genus Coxiella - Answer (click here)
  13. Coxiella burnetii: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  14. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Coxiella burnetii - Answer (click here)
  15. Pathogenesis and Immunity, Clinical Syndrome - Coxiella burnetii - Answer (click here)
  16. Epidemiology - Coxiella burnetii - Answer (click here)
  17. Laboratory Diagnosis - Coxiella burnetii Infections - Answer (click here)
  18. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Coxiella burnetii Infections - Answer (click here)

Bacteriology Chlamydia and Chlamydophilaum

  1. Chlamydia - Answer (click here)
  2. Chlamydia: General Properties, Growth and Multiplication - Answer (click here)
  3. Chlamydia trachomatis: Properties of the Bacteria - Answer (click here)
  4. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic Structure - Chlamydia trachomatis - Answer (click here)
  5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Chlamydia trachomatis - Answer (click here)
  6. Clinical Syndromes - Chlamydia trachomatis - Answer (click here)
  7. Epidemiology - Chlamydia trachomatis - Answer (click here)
  8. Laboratory Diagnosis - Chlamydia trachomatis Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Chlamydia trachomatis Infections - Answer (click here)
  10. Chlamydophila - Answer (click here)
  11. Chlamydophila pneumonia - Answer (click here)
  12. Chlamydophila psittaci - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus General Properties of Viruses

  1. General Properties of Viruses - Answer (click here)
  2. Morphology of Viruses - Answer (click here)
  3. Structure and Symmetry of Virus - Answer (click here)
  4. Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents of Virus - Answer (click here)
  5. Replication of Viruses - Answer (click here)
  6. Viral Genetics - Answer (click here)
  7. Nomenclature and Taxonomy of Viruses - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Pathogenesis of Viral Infections

  1. Stages of Viral Infections - Answer (click here)
  2. Viral Pathogenesis at the Cellular Level - Answer (click here)
  3. Host Response to Viral Infections - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Manifestations of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
  5. Epidemiology - Pathogenesis of Viral Infections - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Antiviral Agents

  1. Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
  2. Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs - Answer (click here)
  3. Classification of Antiviral Drugs - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases

  1. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
  3. Demonstration of Virus-Induced CPEs in the Cells - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
  4. Direct Detection of Viruses - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
  5. Virus Isolation - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
  6. Viral Assays - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
  7. Detection of Viral Proteins and Other Enzymes - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
  8. Detection of Viral Genome - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
  9. Viral Serology - Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Bacteriophages

  1. Bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
  2. Morphology - Bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
  3. Life Cycle: Lysogenic and Lytic Cycle - Bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
  4. Uses of Bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
  5. Bacteriophage Typing - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Poxviruses

  1. Poxviruses: Classification - Answer (click here)
  2. Variola (Smallpox) Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  3. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Variola (Smallpox) Virus - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Variola (Smallpox) Virus - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndrome - Variola (Smallpox) Virus - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Variola (Smallpox) Virus - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Variola (Smallpox) Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Variola (Smallpox) Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Vaccinia Virus - Answer (click here)
  10. Monkeypox - Answer (click here)
  11. Buffalopox - Answer (click here)
  12. Cowpox - Answer (click here)
  13. Orf - Answer (click here)
  14. Molluscum Contagiosum - Answer (click here)
  15. Tanapox and Yabapox - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Papovaviruses

  1. Human Papillomaviruses: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  2. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Human Papillomaviruses - Answer (click here)
  3. Clinical Syndromes - Human Papillomaviruses - Answer (click here)
  4. Epidemiology - Human Papillomaviruses - Answer (click here)
  5. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Human Papillomaviruses Infections - Answer (click here)
  6. Polyomavirus - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Herpesviruses

  1. Herpesviruses - Answer (click here)
  2. Herpes Simplex Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  3. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Herpes Simplex Virus - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Herpes Simplex Virus - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Herpes Simplex Virus - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Herpes Simplex Virus - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Herpesvirus Simiae: B Virus - Answer (click here)
  10. Varicella Zoster Virus: Properties of the Virus, Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Answer (click here)
  11. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Varicella Zoster Virus - Answer (click here)
  12. Clinical Syndromes - Varicella Zoster Virus - Answer (click here)
  13. Epidemiology - Varicella Zoster Virus - Answer (click here)
  14. Laboratory Diagnosis - Varicella Zoster Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  15. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Varicella Zoster Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  16. Epstein Barr Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  17. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Epstein Barr Virus - Answer (click here)
  18. Clinical Syndromes - Epstein Barr Virus - Answer (click here)
  19. Epidemiology - Epstein Barr Virus - Answer (click here)
  20. Laboratory Diagnosis - Epstein Barr Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  21. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Epstein Barr Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  22. Cytomegalovirus: Classification, Properties of the Virus, Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Answer (click here)
  23. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Cytomegalovirus - Answer (click here)
  24. Clinical Syndromes - Cytomegalovirus - Answer (click here)
  25. Epidemiology - Cytomegalovirus - Answer (click here)
  26. Laboratory Diagnosis - Cytomegalovirus Infections - Answer (click here)
  27. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Cytomegalovirus Infections - Answer (click here)
  28. Human Herpesvirus 6,7,8 - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Adenoviruses

  1. Adenovirus: Classification - Answer (click here)
  2. Adenovirus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  3. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Adenovirus Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment - Adenovirus Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Adeno-Associated Viruses - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Parvoviruses

  1. Parvoviruses - Answer (click here)
  2. Parvovirus B19: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Parvovirus B19 - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Syndromes - Parvovirus B19 - Answer (click here)
  5. Epidemiology - Parvovirus B19 - Answer (click here)
  6. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Parvovirus B19 Infections - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Picornaviruses

  1. Picornaviruses - Answer (click here)
  2. Enteroviruses - Answer (click here)
  3. Poliovirus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  4. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Poliovirus - Answer (click here)
  5. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Poliovirus - Answer (click here)
  6. Clinical Syndromes - Poliovirus - Answer (click here)
  7. Epidemiology - Poliovirus - Answer (click here)
  8. Laboratory Diagnosis - Poliovirus Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Poliovirus Infections - Answer (click here)
  10. Coxsackieviruses - Answer (click here)
  11. Diseases Caused by Coxsackie A and B - Answer (click here)
  12. Echoviruses - Answer (click here)
  13. Enterovirus 70 - Answer (click here)
  14. Rhinoviruses - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Orthomyxoviruses

  1. Orthomyxoviruses - Answer (click here)
  2. Influenza Viruses: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  3. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Influenza Viruses - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Influenza Viruses - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndrome - Influenza Viruses - Answer (click here)
  6. Complications - Influenza Viruses - Answer (click here)
  7. Epidemiology - Influenza Viruses - Answer (click here)
  8. Laboratory Diagnosis - Influenza Viruses Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Treatment - Influenza Viruses Infections - Answer (click here)
  10. Prevention and Control - Influenza Viruses Infections - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Paramyxoviruses

  1. Paramyxoviruses - Answer (click here)
  2. Measles Virus: General Properties - Answer (click here)
  3. Virus Isolation - Measles Virus - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Measles Virus - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Measles Virus - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Measles Virus - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis - Measles Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Prevention and Control - Measles Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  9. Parainfluenza Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  10. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Parainfluenza Virus - Answer (click here)
  11. Clinical Syndromes and Epidemiology - Parainfluenza Virus - Answer (click here)
  12. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Parainfluenza Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  13. Mumps Virus: Properties of the Virus, Virus Isolation - Answer (click here)
  14. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Mumps Virus - Answer (click here)
  15. Clinical Syndrome and Epidemiology - Mumps Virus - Answer (click here)
  16. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Mumps Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  17. Respiratory Syncytial: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  18. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Respiratory Syncytial - Answer (click here)
  19. Clinical Syndromes - Respiratory Syncytial - Answer (click here)
  20. Epidemiology - Respiratory Syncytial - Answer (click here)
  21. Laboratory Diagnosis - Respiratory Syncytial Infections - Answer (click here)
  22. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Respiratory Syncytial Infections - Answer (click here)
  23. Nipah Virus and Hendra Virus - Answer (click here)
  24. Human Metapneumovirus - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Reoviruses

  1. Human Metapneumovirus - Answer (click here)
  2. Reoviruses - Answer (click here)
  3. Orbiviruses - Answer (click here)
  4. Coltiviruses and Colorado Tick Fever Virus - Answer (click here)
  5. Orthoreoviruses - Answer (click here)
  6. Rotavirus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  7. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Rotavirus - Answer (click here)
  8. Clinical Syndrome and Epidemiology - Rotavirus - Answer (click here)
  9. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Rotavirus Infections - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Rhabdoviruses

  1. Rhabdoviruses - Answer (click here)
  2. Rabies Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  3. Virus Isolation and Animal Susceptibility - Rabies Virus - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Rabies Virus - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndrome - Rabies Virus - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Rabies Virus - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis in Humans - Rabies Virus Infection - Answer (click here)
  8. Direct Antigen Detection - Rabies Virus Infection - Answer (click here)
  9. Laboratory Diagnosis in Animals - Rabies Virus Infection - Answer (click here)
  10. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Rabies Virus Infection - Answer (click here)
  11. Rabies-Related Viruses - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Arboviruses

  1. Arboviruses - Answer (click here)
  2. Important Properties of Arboviruses - Answer (click here)
  3. Roboviruses - Answer (click here)
  4. Togaviruses: Alphaviruses, Rubivirus - Answer (click here)
  5. Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
  6. Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
  7. Properties of the virus Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
  8. Pathogenesis and immunity - Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
  9. Clinical syndromes - Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
  10. Epidemiology - Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
  11. Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and control - Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses Infections - Answer (click here)
  12. Tick-Borne Flaviviruses - Answer (click here)
  13. Bunyaviridae Viruses - Answer (click here)
  14. Reoviridae - Answer (click here)
  15. Rhabdoviridae - Answer (click here)
  16. Ungrouped Arboviruses - Answer (click here)

Hepatitis Viruses

  1. Hepatitis Viruses: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Hepatitis A Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Syndrome - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
  5. Epidemiology - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
  6. Laboratory Diagnosis - Hepatitis A Virus - Answer (click here)
  7. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Hepatitis A Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Hepatitis B Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  9. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Hepatitis B Virus - Answer (click here)
  10. Clinical Syndromes - Hepatitis B Virus - Answer (click here)
  11. Epidemiology - Hepatitis B Virus - Answer (click here)
  12. Laboratory Diagnosis - Hepatitis B Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  13. Treatment - Hepatitis B Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  14. Prevention and Control - Hepatitis B Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  15. Hepatitis C Virus: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  16. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Hepatitis C Virus - Answer (click here)
  17. Clinical Syndromes - Hepatitis C Virus - Answer (click here)
  18. Epidemiology - Hepatitis C Virus - Answer (click here)
  19. Laboratory Diagnosis - Hepatitis C Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  20. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Hepatitis C Virus Infections - Answer (click here)
  21. Hepatitis D Virus - Answer (click here)
  22. Hepatitis E Virus - Answer (click here)
  23. Hepatitis G Virus - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Retrovirus

  1. Retroviruses: Classification - Answer (click here)
  2. Retroviruses: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  3. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Syndromes - Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
  5. Epidemiology - Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
  6. Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment - Retroviruses Infections - Answer (click here)
  7. Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses: Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  8. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses - Answer (click here)
  9. Host immunity - Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses - Answer (click here)
  10. Clinical Syndromes - Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses - Answer (click here)
  11. Epidemiology - Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses - Answer (click here)
  12. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses Infections - Answer (click here)
  13. Endogenous Retroviruses - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus

  1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Answer (click here)
  2. HIV Virus: Classification and Properties of the Virus - Answer (click here)
  3. HIV Virus Isolation: Cell culture - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - HIV Virus - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - HIV Virus - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - HIV Virus - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis - HIV Virus infection - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment - HIV Virus infection - Answer (click here)
  9. Prevention and Control - HIV Virus infection - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Slow Viruses and Prions

  1. Slow Viruses and Prions - Answer (click here)
  2. Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click here)
  3. Properties of the Prions - Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes - Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidemiology - Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click here)
  7. Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control - Slow Diseases Caused by Prions - Answer (click here)
  8. Slow Diseases Caused by Conventional Viruses in Humans - Answer (click here)
  9. Slow Diseases Caused by Conventional Viruses in Animals - Answer (click here)

Virology Virus Miscellaneous Viruses

  1. Rubella Virus - Answer (click here)
  2. Norwalk Virus - Answer (click here)
  3. Viral Hemorrhagic Fever - Answer (click here)
  4. Arenavirus - Answer (click here)
  5. Coronaviruses - Answer (click here)

Mycology Fungi Introduction to Mycology

  1. Introduction to Mycology - Answer (click here)
  2. Classification of Fungi - Answer (click here)
  3. Reproduction of Fungi - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis of Fungal Infection - Answer (click here)
  5. Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infection - Answer (click here)
  6. Antifungal Drugs - Answer (click here)

Mycology Fungi Superficial Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses

  1. Superficial Mycoses - Answer (click here)
  2. Cutaneous Mycoses - Answer (click here)
  3. Subcutaneous Mycosis - Answer (click here)

Mycology Fungi Systemic Mycoses

  1. Coccidioidomycosis - Answer (click here)
  2. Paracoccidioidomycosis - Answer (click here)
  3. Histoplasmosis - Answer (click here)
  4. Blastomycosis - Answer (click here)
  5. Cryptococcosis - Answer (click here)

Mycology Fungi Opportunistic Fungal Infections

  1. Opportunistic Fungal Infections - Answer (click here)
  2. Candidiasis - Answer (click here)
  3. Candida albicans: Properties - Answer (click here)
  4. Pathogenesis and Immunity - Candida albicans - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Syndromes and Epidemiology - Candida albicans - Answer (click here)
  6. Laboratory Diagnosis - Candida albicans Infections - Answer (click here)
  7. Treatment, Prevention and Control - Candida albicans Infections - Answer (click here)
  8. Aspergillus Species - Answer (click here)
  9. Zygomycosis - Answer (click here)
  10. Pneumocystis jiroveci - Pneumocystosis - Answer (click here)
  11. Penicillium marneffei - Penicilliosis - Answer (click here)
  12. Pseudoallescheria boydii Infection - Answer (click here)
  13. Fusarium solani Infection - Answer (click here)

Applied Microbiology Normal Microbial Flora

  1. Normal Microbial Flora - Answer (click here)
  2. Functions of Resident Flora - Answer (click here)
  3. Factors Determining the Colonization by Microbes - Answer (click here)
  4. Normal Flora at Various Sites of the Body - Answer (click here)
  5. Normal Flora at Respiratory Tract - Answer (click here)
  6. Normal Flora at Gastrointestinal Tract - Answer (click here)
  7. Normal Flora at Genitourinary Tract - Answer (click here)
  8. Normal Flora at Body Surface - Answer (click here)
  9. Normal Flora at Sterile Sites - Answer (click here)

Applied Microbiology Bacteriology of Water Milk and Air

  1. Bacteriology of Water - Answer (click here)
  2. Bacteriology of Milk - Answer (click here)
  3. Bacteriology of Air - Answer (click here)

Applied Microbiology Nosocomial Infections

  1. Nosocomial Infections - Answer (click here)
  2. Factors Affecting Hospital-Acquired Infection - Answer (click here)
  3. Epidemiology of Hospital-Acquired Infections - Answer (click here)
  4. Diagnosis of Hospital-Acquired Infections - Answer (click here)
  5. Prevention and Control of Hospital-Acquired Infections - Answer (click here)

Applied Microbiology Biomedical Waste Management

  1. Biomedical Waste Management - Answer (click here)
  2. Types of Biomedical Waste - Answer (click here)
  3. Waste Treatment and Disposal of Biomedical Wastes - Answer (click here)
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