Ophthalmology
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Ophthalmology

The Ophthalmic Examination

1. Ophthalmic Examination: Equipment - Answer (click here)
2. Ophthalmic Examination: History - Answer (click here)
3. Ophthalmic Examination: Visual Acuity - Answer (click here)
4. Ophthalmic Examination: Ocular Motility - Answer (click here)
5. Ophthalmic Examination: Binocular Alignment - Answer (click here)
6. Examination of the Eyelids and Nasolacrimal Duct - Answer (click here)
7. Examination of the Conjunctiva - Answer (click here)
8. Examination of the Cornea - Answer (click here)
9. Examination of the Anterior Chamber - Answer (click here)
10. Examination of the Lens - Answer (click here)
11. Confrontation Field Testing - Answer (click here)
12. Measurement of Intraocular Pressure - Answer (click here)
13. Eyedrops, Ointment, and Bandages - Answer (click here)

The Eyelids

1. Eyelids: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Eyelids: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Eyelids: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Eyelids: Deformities - Answer (click here)
5. Ptosis - Answer (click here)
6. Entropion - Answer (click here)
7. Ectropion - Answer (click here)
8. Trichiasis - Answer (click here)
9. Blepharospasm - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of the Skin and Margin of the Eyelid - Answer (click here)
11. Contact Eczema - Answer (click here)
12. Edema - Answer (click here)
13. Seborrheic Blepharitis - Answer (click here)
14. Herpes Simplex of the Eyelids - Answer (click here)
15. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus - Answer (click here)
16. Eyelid Abscess - Answer (click here)
17. Louse Infestation of the Eyelids - Answer (click here)
18. Disorders of the Eyelid Glands - Answer (click here)
19. Hordeolum - Answer (click here)
20. Chalazion - Answer (click here)
21. Eyelids: Benign Tumors - Answer (click here)
22. Eyelids: Malignant Tumors - Answer (click here)
23. Basal Cell Carcinoma - Answer (click here)
24. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Answer (click here)
25. Adenocarcinoma - Answer (click here)

Lacrimal System

1. Lacrimal System: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Lacrimal System: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders of the Lower Lacrimal System - Answer (click here)
4. Dacryocystitis - Answer (click here)
5. Canaliculitis - Answer (click here)
6. Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac - Answer (click here)
7. Lacrimal System Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
8. Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca - Answer (click here)
9. Illacrimation - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of the Lacrimal Gland - Answer (click here)
11. Acute Dacryoa - Answer (click here)
12. Chronic Dacryoadenitis - Answer (click here)
13. Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland - Answer (click here)

Conjunctiva

1. Conjunctiva: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Conjunctiva: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Conjunctival Degeneration and Aging Changes - Answer (click here)
4. Pingueculum - Answer (click here)
5. Pterygium - Answer (click here)
6. Pseudopterygium - Answer (click here)
7. Conjunctival Xerosis - Answer (click here)
8. General Notes on the Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
9. Infectious Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
10. Noninfectious Conjunctivitis - Answer (click here)
11. Conjunctiva Tumors - Answer (click here)
12. Epithelial Conjunctival Tumors - Answer (click here)
13. Melanocytic Conjunctival Tumors - Answer (click here)
14. Conjunctival Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
15. Kaposi's sarcoma - Answer (click here)
16. Conjunctival Deposits - Answer (click here)

Cornea

1. Cornea: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Cornea: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Cornea: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Protrusion Anomalies: Keratoconus, Keratoglobus - Answer (click here)
5. Infectious Keratitis - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Keratitis - Answer (click here)
7. Viral Keratitis - Answer (click here)
8. Mycotic Keratitis - Answer (click here)
9. Acanthamoeba Keratitis - Answer (click here)
10. Noninfectious Keratitis and Keratopathy - Answer (click here)
11. Superficial Punctate Keratitis - Answer (click here)
12. Exposure Keratitis - Answer (click here)
13. Neuroparalytic Keratitis - Answer (click here)
14. Problems with Contact Lenses - Answer (click here)
15. Bullous Keratopathy - Answer (click here)
16. Corneal Deposits - Answer (click here)
17. Corneal Degeneration - Answer (click here)
18. Corneal Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
19. Corneal Surgery - Answer (click here)
20. Curative Corneal Procedures - Answer (click here)
21. Refractive Corneal Procedures - Answer (click here)

Sclera

1. Sclera : Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Sclera : Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Sclera : Color Changes - Answer (click here)
4. Staphyloma and Ectasia - Answer (click here)
5. Sclera : Trauma - Answer (click here)
6. Sclera : Inflammations - Answer (click here)
7. Episcleritis - Answer (click here)
8. Scleritis - Answer (click here)

Eye Lens

1. Eye Lens: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Eye Lens: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Developmental Anomalies of the Eye Lens - Answer (click here)
4. Eye Lens: Cataract - Answer (click here)
5. Acquired Cataract : Senile Cataract - Answer (click here)
6. Cataract in Systemic Disease - Answer (click here)
7. Complicated Cataracts - Answer (click here)
8. Cataract after Intraocular Surgery - Answer (click here)
9. Traumatic Cataract - Answer (click here)
10. Toxic Cataract - Answer (click here)
11. Congenital Cataract - Answer (click here)
12. Treatment of Cataracts - Answer (click here)
13. Eye Lens Dislocation - Answer (click here)

Uveal Tract Vascular pigmented layer

1. Uveal Tract (Vascular pigmented layer): Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Uveal Tract (Vascular pigmented layer): Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Uveal Tract: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Pigmentation Anomalies: Heterochromia, Albinism - Answer (click here)
5. Inflammation in Uveal Tract (Vascular pigmented layer) - Answer (click here)
6. Acute Iritis and Iridocyclitis - Answer (click here)
7. Chronic Iritis and Iridocyclitis - Answer (click here)
8. Choroiditis - Answer (click here)
9. Sympathetic Ophthalmia - Answer (click here)
10. Neovascularization in the Iris: Rubeosis Iridis - Answer (click here)
11. Malignant Tumors (Uveal Melanoma) - Answer (click here)
12. Benign Choroidal Tumors - Answer (click here)

Pupil

1. Pupil: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Pupil: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Pupillary Motor Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
4. Isocoria with Normal Pupil Size - Answer (click here)
5. Anisocoria with Dilated Pupil in the Affected Eye - Answer (click here)
6. Anisocoria with a Constricted Pupil in the Affected Eye - Answer (click here)
7. Isocoria with Constricted Pupils - Answer (click here)
8. Isocoria with Dilated Pupils - Answer (click here)

Glaucoma

1. Glaucoma: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
2. Glaucoma: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Open Angle Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
4. Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
5. Secondary Glaucomas - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Open Angle Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
7. Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma - Answer (click here)
8. Childhood Glaucomas - Answer (click here)

Vitreous Body

1. Vitreous Body - Answer (click here)
2. Vitreous Body: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Vitreous Body: Aging Changes - Answer (click here)
4. Persistent Fetal Vasculature (Developmental Anomalies) - Answer (click here)
5. Abnormal Opacities of the Vitreous Body - Answer (click here)
6. Vitreous Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
7. Vitritis and Endophthalmitis - Answer (click here)
8. Vitreoretinal Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
9. The Role of the Vitreous Body in Various Ocular Changes and Following Cataract Surgery - Answer (click here)
10. Surgical Treatment: Vitrectomy - Answer (click here)

Retina

1. Retina - Answer (click here)
2. Examination of the Fundus - Answer (click here)
3. Normal and Abnormal Fundus Findings in General - Answer (click here)
4. Retina: Color Vision - Answer (click here)
5. Retina: Electrophysiologic Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
6. Diabetic Retinopathy - Answer (click here)
7. Retinal Vein Occlusion - Answer (click here)
8. Retinal Arterial Occlusion - Answer (click here)
9. Hypertensive Retinopathy and Sclerotic Changes - Answer (click here)
10. Coats’ Disease - Answer (click here)
11. Retinopathy of Prematurity - Answer (click here)
12. Retinal Detachment - Answer (click here)
13. Degenerative Retinoschisis - Answer (click here)
14. Peripheral Retinal Degenerations - Answer (click here)
15. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy - Answer (click here)
16. Age-Related Macular Degeneration - Answer (click here)
17. Degenerative Myopia - Answer (click here)
18. Retinal Dystrophies: Macular Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
19. Retinal Dystrophies: Retinitis Pigmentosa - Answer (click here)
20. Toxic Retinopathy - Answer (click here)
21. Retinal Vasculitis - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
22. Posterior Uveitis Due to Toxoplasmosis - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
23. AIDS-Related Retinal Disorders - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
24. Viral Retinitis - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
25. Retinitis in Lyme Disease - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
26. Parasitic Retinal Disorders - Retinal Inflammatory Disease - Answer (click here)
27. Retinoblastoma - Answer (click here)
28. Astrocytoma - Answer (click here)
29. Hemangiomas - Answer (click here)

Optic Nerve

1. Optic Nerve - Answer (click here)
2. Optic Nerve: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Congenital Disorders that Obscure the Margin of the Optic Disk - Answer (click here)
4. Acquired Disorders that Obscure the Margin of the Optic Disk - Answer (click here)
5. Papilledema - Answer (click here)
6. Optic Neuritis - Answer (click here)
7. Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) - Answer (click here)
8. Arteriosclerotic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy - Answer (click here)
9. Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy - Answer (click here)
10. Infiltrative Optic Disk Edema - Answer (click here)
11. Atrophy of the Optic Nerve - Answer (click here)
12. Optic Nerve Pits - Answer (click here)
13. Optic Disk Coloboma (Morning Glory Disk) - Answer (click here)
14. Intraocular Optic Nerve Tumors - Answer (click here)
15. Retrobulbar Optic Nerve Tumors - Answer (click here)

Visual Pathway

1. Visual Pathway - Answer (click here)
2. Visual Pathway: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders of the Visual Pathway - Answer (click here)
4. Chiasmal Lesions - Answer (click here)
5. Retrochiasmal Lesions - Answer (click here)

Orbital Cavity

1. Orbital Cavity - Answer (click here)
2. Orbital Cavity: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Orbital Cavity: Developmental Anomalies - Answer (click here)
4. Orbital Involvement in Autoimmune Disorders: Graves Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Orbital Cellulitis - Answer (click here)
6. Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis - Answer (click here)
7. Orbital Pseudotumor - Answer (click here)
8. Myositis - Answer (click here)
9. Orbital Periostitis - Answer (click here)
10. Mucocele and Mycoses (Mucormycosis and Aspergillomycosis) - Answer (click here)
11. Pulsating Exophthalmos - Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
12. Intermittent Exophthalmos - Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
13. Orbital Hematoma - Vascular Disorders - Answer (click here)
14. Orbital Cavity Tumors - Answer (click here)
15. Orbital Surgery - Answer (click here)

Eye Optics and Refractive Errors

1. Eye Optics and Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)
2. Eye Optics and Refractive Errors: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
3. Myopia (Shortsightedness) - Answer (click here)
4. Hyperopia (Farsightedness) - Answer (click here)
5. Astigmatism - Answer (click here)
6. Anisometropia - Answer (click here)
7. Impaired Accommodation - Eye Optics and Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)
8. Accommodation Spasm - Answer (click here)
9. Accommodation Palsy - Answer (click here)
10. Eyeglass Lenses - Correction of Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)
11. Contact Lenses - Correction of Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)
12. Prisms - Correction of Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)
13. Magnifying Vision Aids - Correction of Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)
14. Aberrations of Lenses and Eyeglasses - Correction of Refractive Errors - Answer (click here)

Ocular Motility and Strabismus

1. Ocular Motility and Strabismus - Answer (click here)
2. Ocular Motility and Strabismus: Basic Knowledge - Answer (click here)
3. Concomitant Strabismus - Answer (click here)
4. Forms of Concomitant Strabismus - Answer (click here)
5. Diagnosis of Concomitant Strabismus - Answer (click here)
6. Therapy of Concomitant Strabismus - Answer (click here)
7. Heterophoria - Answer (click here)
8. Pseudostrabismus - Answer (click here)
9. Ophthalmoplegia and Paralytic Strabismus - Answer (click here)
10. Nystagmus - Answer (click here)

Ocular Trauma

1. Ocular Trauma: Examination Methods - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Ocular Injuries by Mechanism of Injury - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanical Injuries - Answer (click here)
4. Eyelid Injury - Answer (click here)
5. Injuries to the Lacrimal System - Answer (click here)
6. Conjunctival Laceration - Answer (click here)
7. Corneal and Conjunctival Foreign Bodies - Answer (click here)
8. Corneal Erosion - Answer (click here)
9. Blunt Ocular Trauma (Ocular Contusion) - Answer (click here)
10. Eye Blow-out Fracture - Answer (click here)
11. Eye Open-Globe Injuries - Answer (click here)
12. Impalement Injuries of the Orbit - Answer (click here)
13. Chemical Injuries in Eye - Answer (click here)
14. Eye Injuries Due to Physical Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Indirect Ocular Trauma: Purtscher’s Retinopathy - Answer (click here)