Biotechnology Applying the Genetic Revolution
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Biotechnology Applying the Genetic Revolution

Basics of biotechnology

1. Advent of the Biotechnology Revolution - Answer (click here)
2. Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884): Founder of Modern Genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
4. Packaging of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
5. Bacteria as the Workhorses of Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
6. Escherichia coli Is the Model Bacterium - Answer (click here)
7. Arabidopsis thaliana , a Model Flowering Plant - Answer (click here)
8. Viruses Used in Genetics Research - Answer (click here)
9. Subviral Infectious Agents and Other Gene Creatures - Answer (click here)

DNA RNA and Protein

1. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Transcription Expresses Genes - Answer (click here)
3. Making the RNA - Answer (click here)
4. Transcription Stop Signals - Answer (click here)
5. The Number of Genes on an mRNA Varies - Answer (click here)
6. Eukaryotic Transcription Is More Complex - Answer (click here)
7. Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
9. Eukaryotic mRNA Is Processed before Making Protein - Answer (click here)
10. Translating the Genetic Code into Proteins - Answer (click here)
11. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation - Answer (click here)
12. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Synthesize Their Own Proteins - Answer (click here)

Recombinant DNA Technology

1. DNA Isolation and Purification - Answer (click here)
2. Electrophoresis Separates DNA Fragments by Size - Answer (click here)
3. Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA; Ligase Joins DNA - Answer (click here)
4. Methods of Detection for Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
5. Complementary Strands Melt Apart and Reanneal - Answer (click here)
6. Hybridization of DNA or RNA in Southern and Northern Blots - Answer (click here)
7. Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) - Answer (click here)
8. General Properties of Cloning Vectors - Answer (click here)
9. Specific Types of Cloning Vectors - Answer (click here)
10. Getting Cloned Genes into Bacteria by Transformation - Answer (click here)
11. Constructing a Library of Genes - Answer (click here)
12. Screening the Library of Genes by Hybridization - Answer (click here)
13. Eukaryotic Expression Libraries - Answer (click here)
14. Features of Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
15. Subtractive Hybridization - Answer (click here)

DNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro

1. Introduction of DNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro - Answer (click here)
2. Replication of DNA - Answer (click here)
3. Comparing Replication in Gene Creatures, Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
4. In Vitro DNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical Synthesis of DNA - Answer (click here)
6. Chemical Synthesis of Complete Genes - Answer (click here)
7. In Vitro Synthesis of DNA Can Determine the Sequence of Bases - Answer (click here)
8. Polymerase Chain Reaction Uses In Vitro Synthesis to Amplify Small Amounts of DNA - Answer (click here)
9. Automated DNA Cycle Sequencing Combines PCR and Sequencing - Answer (click here)
10. Modifications of Basic PCR - Answer (click here)
11. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA - Answer (click here)
12. Reverse Transcriptase PCR - Answer (click here)
13. PCR in Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)

RNA Based Technologies

1. RNA Based Technologies - Answer (click here)
2. Antisense RNA Modulates mRNA Expression - Answer (click here)
3. Antisense Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
4. Expression of Antisense RNA Constructs - Answer (click here)
5. Delivery of Antisense Therapies - Answer (click here)
6. RNA Interference Uses Antisense Sequences to Inhibit Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
7. RNAi in Plants and Fungi - Answer (click here)
8. MicroRNAs Are Antisense RNAs That Modulate Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
9. Applications of RNAi for Studying Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
10. RNAi for Studying Mammalian Genes - Answer (click here)
11. Functional Screening with RNAi Libraries - Answer (click here)
12. Ribozymes Catalyze Cleavage and Ligation Reactions - Answer (click here)
13. Small Naturally Occurring Ribozymes - Answer (click here)
14. Engineering Ribozymes for Medical and Biotechnology Applications - Answer (click here)
15. RNA SELEX Identifies New Binding Partners for Ribozymes - Answer (click here)
16. In Vitro Evolution and in Vitro Selection of Ribozymes - Answer (click here)
17. Synthetic Ribozymes Used in Medicine - Answer (click here)
18. Allosteric Deoxyribozymes Catalyze Specific Reactions - Answer (click here)
19. Riboswitches Are Controlled by Effector Molecules - Answer (click here)
20. Engineering Allosteric Riboswitches and Ribozymes - Answer (click here)

Immune Technology

1. Antibody Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
2. Antibodies, Antigens, and Epitopes - Answer (click here)
3. The Great Diversity of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
4. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
6. Monoclonal Antibodies for Clinical Use - Answer (click here)
7. Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
8. Humanized Antibodies in Clinical Applications - Answer (click here)
9. Antibody Engineering - Answer (click here)
10. Diabodies and Bispecific Antibody Constructs - Answer (click here)
11. ELISA Assay - Answer (click here)
12. The ELISA as a Diagnostic Tool - Answer (click here)
13. Visualizing Cell Components Using Antibodies - Answer (click here)
14. Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting - Answer (click here)
15. Immune Memory and Vaccination - Answer (click here)
16. Creating a Vaccine - Answer (click here)
17. Making Vector Vaccines Using Homologous Recombination - Answer (click here)
18. Reverse Vaccinology - Answer (click here)
19. Identifying New Antigens for Vaccines - Answer (click here)
20. DNA Vaccines Bypass the Need to Purify Antigens - Answer (click here)
21. Edible Vaccines - Answer (click here)

Nanobiotechnology

1. Nanobiotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Visualization at the Nanoscale - Answer (click here)
3. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy - Answer (click here)
4. Atomic Force Microscopy - Answer (click here)
5. Virus Detection via AFM - Answer (click here)
6. Weighing Single Bacteria and Virus Particles - Answer (click here)
7. Nanoparticles and Their Uses - Answer (click here)
8. Nanoparticles for Labeling - Answer (click here)
9. Quantum Size Effect and Nanocrystal Colors - Answer (click here)
10. Nanoparticles for Delivery of Drugs, DNA, or RNA - Answer (click here)
11. Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy - Answer (click here)
12. Assembly of Nanocrystals by Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
13. Nanotubes - Answer (click here)
14. Antibacterial Nanocarpets - Answer (click here)
15. Detection of Viruses by Nanowires - Answer (click here)
16. Ion Channel Nanosensors - Answer (click here)
17. Nanoengineering of DNA - Answer (click here)
18. DNA Mechanical Nanodevices - Answer (click here)
19. Controlled Denaturation of DNA by Gold Nanoparticles - Answer (click here)
20. Controlled Change of Protein Shape by DNA - Answer (click here)
21. Biomolecular Motors - Answer (click here)

Genomics and Gene Expression

1. Genomics and Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Mapping Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Physical Maps Use Sequence Data - Answer (click here)
4. Radiation Hybrid and Cytogenetic Mapping - Answer (click here)
5. Sequencing Entire Genomes - Answer (click here)
6. Race for the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
7. Gaps Remain in the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
8. Survey of the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
9. Noncoding Components of the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
10. Bioinformatics and Computer Analysis - Answer (click here)
11. Medicine and Genomics - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Accumulates Mutations over Time - Answer (click here)
13. Genetic Evolution - Answer (click here)
14. From Pharmacology to Pharmacogenetics - Answer (click here)
15. Gene Expression and Microarrays - Answer (click here)
16. Making DNA Microarrays - Answer (click here)
17. Hybridization on DNA Microarrays - Answer (click here)
18. Monitoring Gene Expression Using Whole-Genome Tiling Arrays - Answer (click here)
19. Monitoring Gene Expression of Single Genes - Answer (click here)

Proteomics

1. Proteomics - Answer (click here)
2. Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Western Blotting of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Separates Protein Mixtures - Answer (click here)
5. Digestion of Proteins by Proteases - Answer (click here)
6. Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification - Answer (click here)
7. Peptide Sequencing Using Mass Spectrometry - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Quantification Using Mass Spectrometry - Answer (click here)
9. Protein Tagging Systems - Answer (click here)
10. Phage Display Library Screening - Answer (click here)
11. Protein Interactions: The Yeast Two Hybrid System - Answer (click here)
12. Protein Interactions by Co-immunoprecipitation - Answer (click here)
13. Protein Arrays - Answer (click here)
14. Metabolomics - Answer (click here)

Recombinant Proteins

1. Proteins and Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
2. Expression of Eukaryotic Proteins in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Translation Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
4. Codon Usage Effects - Answer (click here)
5. Avoiding Toxic Effects of Protein Overproduction - Answer (click here)
6. Increasing Protein Stability - Answer (click here)
7. Improving Protein Secretion - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Fusion Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
9. Expression of Proteins by Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Expression of Proteins by Yeast - Answer (click here)
11. Expression of Proteins by Insect Cells - Answer (click here)
12. Protein Glycosylation - Answer (click here)
13. Expression of Proteins by Mammalian Cells - Answer (click here)
14. Expression of Multiple Subunits in Mammalian Cells - Answer (click here)
15. Comparing Expression Systems - Answer (click here)

Protein Engineering

1. Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
2. Engineering Disulfide Bonds - Answer (click here)
3. Improving Stability in Other Ways - Answer (click here)
4. Changing Binding Site Specificity - Answer (click here)
5. Structural Scaffolds - Answer (click here)
6. Directed Evolution - Answer (click here)
7. Adding New Functional Groups Using Nonnatural Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
8. Recombining Domains - Answer (click here)
9. DNA Shuffling - Answer (click here)
10. Combinatorial Protein Libraries - Answer (click here)
11. Biomaterials Design Relies on Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
12. Engineered Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)

Environmental Biotechnology

1. Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Identifying New Genes with Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
3. Culture Enrichment for Environmental Samples - Answer (click here)
4. Sequence Dependent Techniques for Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
5. Function or Activity Based Evaluation of the Environment - Answer (click here)
6. Ecology and Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
7. Natural Attenuation of Pollutants - Answer (click here)

Pathway Engineering

1. Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
2. Ethanol, Elephants, and Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
3. Degradation of Starch - Answer (click here)
4. Degradation of Cellulose - Answer (click here)
5. Ice Forming Bacteria and Frost - Answer (click here)
6. Degradation of Aromatic Ring Compounds - Answer (click here)
7. Indigo and Related Natural Pigments - Answer (click here)
8. The Toluene/Xylene Pathway - Answer (click here)
9. Removal of Halogen, Nitro, and Sulfonate Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Biorefining of Fossil Fuels - Answer (click here)
11. Biosynthesis of Medium-Sized Molecules - Answer (click here)
12. Sterol Synthesis and Modification - Answer (click here)
13. Biosynthesis of beta Lactam Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
14. Polyketides and Polyketide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
15. Biosynthetic Plastics Are Also Biodegradable - Answer (click here)

Transgenic Plants and Plant Biotechnology

1. History of Plant Breeding - Answer (click here)
2. Plant Tissue Culture - Answer (click here)
3. Genetic Engineering of Plants - Answer (click here)
4. Getting Genes into Plants Using the Ti Plasmid - Answer (click here)
5. Particle Bombardment Technology - Answer (click here)
6. Detection of Inserted DNA - Answer (click here)
7. Using the Cre/loxP System - Answer (click here)
8. Plant Breeding and Testing - Answer (click here)
9. Transgenic Plants with Herbicide Resistance - Answer (click here)
10. Transgenic Plants with Insect Resistance - Answer (click here)
11. Trehalose in Transgenic Plants Increase Stress Tolerance - Answer (click here)
12. Functional Genomics in Plants - Answer (click here)
13. Food Safety Assessment and Starlink Corn - Answer (click here)
14. Bt Toxin and Butterflies - Answer (click here)

Transgenic Animals

1. New and Improved Animals - Answer (click here)
2. Creating Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
3. Larger Mice Illustrate Transgenic Technology - Answer (click here)
4. Recombinant Protein Production Using Transgenic Livestock - Answer (click here)
5. Knockout Mice for Medical Research - Answer (click here)
6. Alternative Approaches to Making Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
7. Location Effects on Expression of the Transgene - Answer (click here)
8. Combating Location Effects on Transgene Expression - Answer (click here)
9. Targeting the Transgene to a Specific Location - Answer (click here)
10. Deliberate Control of Transgene Expression - Answer (click here)
11. Control by Site-Specific Recombination Using Cre or Flp - Answer (click here)
12. Transgenic Insects - Answer (click here)
13. Genetically Modified Mosquitoes - Answer (click here)
14. Cloning Animals by Nuclear Transplantation - Answer (click here)
15. Dolly the Cloned Sheep - Answer (click here)
16. Practical Reasons for Cloning Animals - Answer (click here)
17. Improving Livestock by Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
18. Problems and Ethics of Nuclear Transplantation - Answer (click here)
19. Imprinting and Developmental Problems in Cloned Animals - Answer (click here)
20. Transgenic People, Primates, and Pets - Answer (click here)
21. Applications of RNA Technology in Transgenics - Answer (click here)
22. Applications of RNA Interference in Transgenics - Answer (click here)
23. Natural Transgenics and DNA Ingestion - Answer (click here)

Inherited Defects

1. Inherited Defects - Answer (click here)
2. Hereditary Defects in Higher Organisms - Answer (click here)
3. Hereditary Defects Due to Multiple Genes - Answer (click here)
4. Defects Due to Haploinsufficiency - Answer (click here)
5. Dominant Mutations May Be Positive or Negative - Answer (click here)
6. Deleterious Tandem Repeats and Dynamic Mutations - Answer (click here)
7. Defects in Imprinting and Methylation - Answer (click here)
8. Mitochondrial Defects - Answer (click here)
9. Identification, Location, and Cloning of Defective Genes - Answer (click here)
10. Cystic Fibrosis - Answer (click here)
11. Muscular Dystrophy - Answer (click here)
12. Genetic Screening and Counseling - Answer (click here)

Gene Therapy

1. Gene Therapy or Genetic Engineering? - Answer (click here)
2. General Principles of Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Gene Patching by Oligonucleotide Crossover - Answer (click here)
4. Aggressive Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Adenovirus Vectors in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy by Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
7. Adeno Associated Virus - Answer (click here)
8. Retrovirus Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
9. Retrovirus Gene Therapy for SCID - Answer (click here)
10. Nonviral Delivery in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
11. Liposomes and Lipofection in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
12. Aggressive Gene Therapy for Cancer - Answer (click here)
13. Antisense RNA and Other Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
14. Aptamers-Blocking Proteins with RNA - Answer (click here)
15. Ribozymes in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)

Molecular Biology of Cancer

1. Cancer Is Genetic in Origin - Answer (click here)
2. Environmental Factors and Cancer - Answer (click here)
3. Normal Cell Division: The Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Division Responds to External Signals - Answer (click here)
5. Genes That Affect Cancer - Answer (click here)
6. Oncogenes and Proto oncogenes - Answer (click here)
7. Detection of Oncogenes by Transformation - Answer (click here)
8. Types of Mutations That Generate Oncogenes - Answer (click here)
9. The Ras Oncogene-Hyperactive Protein - Answer (click here)
10. The Myc Oncogene-Overproduction of Protein - Answer (click here)
11. Tumor Suppressor Genes or Anti oncogenes - Answer (click here)
12. The p16, p21, and p53 Anti oncogenes - Answer (click here)
13. Formation of a Tumor - Answer (click here)
14. Inherited Susceptibility to Cancer - Answer (click here)
15. Cancer Causing Viruses - Answer (click here)
16. Engineered Cancer Killing Viruses - Answer (click here)

Noninfectious Diseases

1. Noninfectious Diseases: Cellular Communication - Answer (click here)
2. Noninfectious Diseases: Receptors and Signal Transmission - Answer (click here)
3. Steroids and Other Lipophilic Hormones - Answer (click here)
4. Cyclic AMP as Second Messenger - Answer (click here)
5. Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP - Answer (click here)
6. Cyclic Phosphodiesterase and Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
7. Insulin and Diabetes - Answer (click here)
8. The Insulin Receptor - Answer (click here)
9. Cloning and Genetic Engineering of Insulin - Answer (click here)
10. Obesity and Leptin - Answer (click here)
11. A Multitude of Genes Affect Obesity - Answer (click here)
12. Fat Degradation - Answer (click here)
13. Monoamine Oxidase and Violent Crime - Answer (click here)

Aging and Apoptosis

1. Aging and Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
2. Aging and Apoptosis: Cellular Senescence - Answer (click here)
3. Factors That Activate Senescence - Answer (click here)
4. Links between Cancer and Aging - Answer (click here)
5. Telomeres Shorten during Aging - Answer (click here)
6. Mitochondria and Aging - Answer (click here)
7. Life Span and Metabolism in Worms - Answer (click here)
8. Sirtuins, Histone Acetylation, and Life Span in Yeast - Answer (click here)
9. Apoptosis Is Programmed Cell Death - Answer (click here)
10. Apoptosis Involves a Proteolytic Cascade - Answer (click here)
11. Mammalian Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
12. Execution Phase of Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
13. Corpse Clearance in Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
14. Control of Apoptotic Pathways in Development - Answer (click here)
15. Alzheimer’s Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
17. Using Apoptosis to Treat Cancer - Answer (click here)

Bacterial Infections

1. Bacterial Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Molecular Approaches to Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
3. Virulence Genes Are Often Found on Mobile Segments of DNA - Answer (click here)
4. Attachment and Entry of Pathogenic Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Iron Acquisition by Pathogenic Bacteria - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Toxins - Answer (click here)
7. ADP Ribosylating Toxins - Answer (click here)
8. Cholera Toxin - Answer (click here)
9. Anthrax Toxin - Answer (click here)
10. Antitoxin Therapy - Answer (click here)

Viral and Prion Infections

1. Viral Infections and Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Interferons Coordinate the Antiviral Response - Answer (click here)
3. Influenza Is a Negative-Strand RNA Virus - Answer (click here)
4. The AIDS Retrovirus - Answer (click here)
5. Chemokine Receptors Act as Co-receptors for HIV - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment of the AIDS Retrovirus - Answer (click here)
7. Infectious Prion Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Detection of Pathogenic Prions - Answer (click here)
9. Approaches to Treating Prion Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Using Yeast Prions as Models - Answer (click here)

Biowarfare and Bioterrorism

1. Biowarfare and Bioterrorism - Answer (click here)
2. Bacteria Make Lethal Proteins to Kill Other Organisms - Answer (click here)
3. Germ Warfare among the Lower Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
4. History of Human Biological Warfare - Answer (click here)
5. Biowarfare Expectancy and Expense - Answer (click here)
6. Important Factors in Biological Warfare - Answer (click here)
7. Which Disease Agents Are Suitable for Biological Warfare? - Answer (click here)
8. Anthrax - Answer (click here)
9. The 2001 Anthrax Attack in the United States - Answer (click here)
10. Other Bacterial Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Smallpox Virus - Answer (click here)
12. Other Viral Agents - Answer (click here)
13. Purified Toxins as Biowarfare Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Botox-Botulinum Toxin - Answer (click here)
15. Ribosome Inactivating Proteins - Answer (click here)
16. Agricultural Biowarfare - Answer (click here)
17. Genetic Engineering of Infectious Agents - Answer (click here)
18. Creation of Camouflaged Viruses - Answer (click here)
19. Biosensors and Detection of Biowarfare Agents - Answer (click here)

Forensic Molecular Biology

1. The Genetic Basis of Identity - Answer (click here)
2. Blood, Sweat, and Tears - Answer (click here)
3. Forensic DNA Testing - Answer (click here)
4. DNA Fingerprinting - Answer (click here)
5. Using Repeated Sequences in Fingerprinting - Answer (click here)
6. Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Answer (click here)
7. Probability and DNA Testing - Answer (click here)
8. Use of DNA Evidence - Answer (click here)
9. Tracing Genealogies by Mitochondrial DNA and the Y Chromosome - Answer (click here)
10. Identifying the Remains of the Russian Imperial Family - Answer (click here)

Bioethics in Biotechnology

1. Approach to Bioethics - Answer (click here)
2. Power, Profit, Poverty, and Access - Answer (click here)
3. Ignorance, Novelty, and Cultural Viewpoint - Answer (click here)
4. Possible Dangers to Individuals, Society, or Nature - Answer (click here)
5. Health Care and Related Issues - Answer (click here)
6. Interference with the Natural World - Answer (click here)
7. Altering the Human Germline - Answer (click here)
8. Knowledge, Identity, and Ideology - Answer (click here)
9. Long Term Biological Problems - Answer (click here)