Friday, 11 May 2018

Biochemistry - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers



Biochemistry
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers




Subject : Biochemistry

Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells

  1. How does biochemistry describe life processes? - Answer (click here)
  2. How did living things originate? - Answer (click here)
  3. Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry - Answer (click here)
  4. How and when did the Earth come to be? - Answer (click here)
  5. How were biomolecules likely to have formed on the early Earth? - Answer (click here)
  6. Molecules to Cells: Which came first - the catalysts or the hereditary molecules? - Answer (click here)
  7. The Biggest Biological Distinction-Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
  8. How is prokaryotic DNA organized without a nucleus? - Answer (click here)
  9. Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
  10. Five Kingdoms, Three Domains - Answer (click here)
  11. Extremophiles: The Toast of the Industry - Answer (click here)
  12. Common Ground for All Cells - Answer (click here)
  13. Did eukaryotes develop from prokaryotes? - Answer (click here)
  14. Did symbiosis play a role in the development of eukaryotes? - Answer (click here)
  15. Biochemical Energetics - Answer (click here)
  16. Energy and Change: What kinds of energy changes take place in living cells? - Answer (click here)
  17. Spontaneity in Biochemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
  18. Life and Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
  19. Predicting Reactions - Answer (click here)

Water The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions

  1. Water and Polarity - Answer (click here)
  2. What is polarity? - Answer (click here)
  3. Solvent Properties of Water - Answer (click here)
  4. Hydrogen Bonds - Answer (click here)
  5. Acids, Bases, and pH - Answer (click here)
  6. Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
  7. Buffers - Answer (click here)
  8. How do buffers work? - Answer (click here)
  9. How do we choose a buffer? - Answer (click here)
  10. How do we make buffers in the laboratory? - Answer (click here)
  11. Are naturally occurring pH buffers present in living organisms? - Answer (click here)

Amino Acids and Peptides

  1. Amino Acids Exist in a Three-Dimensional World - Answer (click here)
  2. Individual Amino Acids:Their Structures and Properties - Answer (click here)
  3. Uncommon Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
  4. Amino Acids to Calm Down and Pep Up - Answer (click here)
  5. Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases - Answer (click here)
  6. The Peptide Bond - Answer (click here)
  7. Small Peptides with Physiological Activity - Answer (click here)
  8. Phenylketonuria-Little Molecules Have Big Effects - Answer (click here)
  9. Peptide Hormones-More Small Molecules with Big Effects - Answer (click here)
  10. Amino Acids Go Many Different Places - Answer (click here)

The Three Dimensional Structure of Proteins

  1. Protein Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
  2. Primary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
  3. Secondary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
  4. Complete Proteins and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
  5. Periodic Structures in Protein Backbones - Answer (click here)
  6. Secondary Structure of Proteins: Irregularities in Regular Structures - Answer (click here)
  7. Supersecondary Structures and Domains of Proteins - Answer (click here)
  8. The Collagen Triple Helix - Answer (click here)
  9. Two Types of Protein Conformations: Fibrous and Globular - Answer (click here)
  10. Tertiary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
  11. Forces Involved in Tertiary Structures - Answer (click here)
  12. Myoglobin: An Example of Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
  13. Denaturation and Refolding - Answer (click here)
  14. Quaternary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
  15. Protein Folding Dynamics - Answer (click here)
  16. Hydrophobic Interactions:A Case Study in Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
  17. Protein Folding Dynamics: The Importance of Correct Folding - Answer (click here)
  18. Protein-Folding Chaperones - Answer (click here)
  19. Prions and Disease - Answer (click here)

Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques

  1. Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells - Answer (click here)
  2. Column Chromatography - Answer (click here)
  3. What are the different types of chromatography? - Answer (click here)
  4. Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
  5. Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein - Answer (click here)
  6. Cleavage of the Protein into Peptides - Answer (click here)
  7. Sequencing of Peptides: The Edman Method - Answer (click here)
  8. Protein Purification: Pulling It All Together - Answer (click here)

The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes

  1. Enzymes Are Effective Biological Catalysts - Answer (click here)
  2. Kinetics versus Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
  3. Enzymes as Markers for Disease - Answer (click here)
  4. Enzyme Kinetic Equations - Answer (click here)
  5. Enzyme-Substrate Binding - Answer (click here)
  6. Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions - Answer (click here)
  7. The Michaelis–Menten Approachto Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here)
  8. Enzyme Inhibition - Answer (click here)
  9. Practical Information from Kinetic Data - Answer (click here)
  10. Enzyme Inhibition in the Treatment of AIDS - Answer (click here)

The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes Mechanisms and Control

  1. The Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes - Answer (click here)
  2. The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes - Answer (click here)
  3. Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
  4. Zymogens - Answer (click here)
  5. The Nature of the Active Site - Answer (click here)
  6. Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
  7. The Active Site and Transition States - Answer (click here)
  8. Families of Enzymes: Proteases - Answer (click here)
  9. Coenzymes - Answer (click here)
  10. Catalytic Antibodies against Cocaine - Answer (click here)
  11. Catalysts for Green Chemistry - Answer (click here)

Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes

  1. The Definition of a Lipid - Answer (click here)
  2. The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types - Answer (click here)
  3. What are fatty acids? - Answer (click here)
  4. What are triacylglycerols? - Answer (click here)
  5. What are phosphoacylglycerols? - Answer (click here)
  6. What are waxes and sphingolipids? - Answer (click here)
  7. What are glycolipids? - Answer (click here)
  8. What are steroids? - Answer (click here)
  9. Biological Membranes - Answer (click here)
  10. What is the structure of lipid bilayers? - Answer (click here)
  11. How does the composition of the bilayer affect its properties? - Answer (click here)
  12. Butter versus Margarine-Which Is Healthier? - Answer (click here)
  13. The Kinds of Membrane Proteins - Answer (click here)
  14. The Fluid-Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure - Answer (click here)
  15. Membranes in Drug Delivery - Answer (click here)
  16. The Functions of Biological Membranes - Answer (click here)
  17. Lipid Droplets Are Not Just Great Balls of Fat - Answer (click here)
  18. Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions - Answer (click here)
  19. Vision Has Great Chemistry - Answer (click here)
  20. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes - Answer (click here)
  21. Why Should We Eat More Salmon? - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acids How Structure Conveys Information

  1. Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
  2. The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides - Answer (click here)
  3. The DNA Family Tree - Answer (click here)
  4. The Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
  5. What is the nature of the DNA double helix? - Answer (click here)
  6. Are there other possible conformations of the double helix? - Answer (click here)
  7. How does prokaryotic DNA supercoil into its tertiary structure? - Answer (click here)
  8. How does supercoiling take place in eukaryotic DNA? - Answer (click here)
  9. What Makes a Triple Helix Useful in Drug Design? - Answer (click here)
  10. Denaturation of DNA - Answer (click here)
  11. The Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures - Answer (click here)
  12. What kinds of RNA play a role in life processes? - Answer (click here)
  13. What is the role of transfer RNA in protein synthesis? - Answer (click here)
  14. How does ribosomal RNA combine with proteins to form the site of protein synthesis? - Answer (click here)
  15. The Human Genome Project: Treasure or Pandora’s Box? - Answer (click here)
  16. Why Identical Twins Are Not Identical - Answer (click here)

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids Replication

  1. The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell - Answer (click here)
  2. Replication of DNA - Answer (click here)
  3. DNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)
  4. Semidiscontinuous DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
  5. DNA Polymerase from E. coli - Answer (click here)
  6. Proteins Required for DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
  7. Proofreading and Repair - Answer (click here)
  8. Why Does DNA Contain Thymine and Not Uracil? - Answer (click here)
  9. Eukaryotic DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
  10. The SOS Response in E. coli - Answer (click here)
  11. Telomerase and Cancer - Answer (click here)

Transcription of the Genetic Code The Biosynthesis of RNA

  1. Transcription of the Genetic Code - Answer (click here)
  2. Transcription in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here)
  3. Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here)
  4. Transcription in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
  5. Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
  6. Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
  7. Post transcriptional RNA Modification - Answer (click here)
  8. Lupus: An Autoimmune Disease Involving RNA Processing - Answer (click here)
  9. Ribozymes - Answer (click here)
  10. What are the characteristics of a ribozyme? - Answer (click here)
  11. Proofreading in Transcription? RNA Fills In Another Missing Piece - Answer (click here)

Protein Synthesis Translation of the Genetic Message

  1. Translating the Genetic Message - Answer (click here)
  2. The Genetic Code - Answer (click here)
  3. Codon–Anticodon Pairing and Wobble - Answer (click here)
  4. Amino Acid Activation - Answer (click here)
  5. Prokaryotic Translation - Answer (click here)
  6. Eukaryotic Translation - Answer (click here)
  7. Posttranslational Modification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
  8. Protein Degradation - Answer (click here)
  9. Chaperones: Preventing Unsuitable Associations - Answer (click here)
  10. Silent Mutations Are Not Always Silent - Answer (click here)
  11. How Do We Adapt to High Altitude? - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid Biotechnology

  1. Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
  2. Restriction Endonucleases - Answer (click here)
  3. Cloning - Answer (click here)
  4. What is cloning? - Answer (click here)
  5. What are plasmids? - Answer (click here)
  6. Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
  7. Genetic Engineering in Agriculture - Answer (click here)
  8. Human Proteins through Genetic Recombination Techniques - Answer (click here)
  9. Fusion Proteins and Fast Purifications - Answer (click here)
  10. DNA Libraries - Answer (click here)
  11. The Polymerase Chain Reaction - Answer (click here)
  12. DNA Fingerprinting - Answer (click here)
  13. CSI: Biochemistry - Forensic Uses of DNA Testing - Answer (click here)
  14. Sequencing DNA - Answer (click here)
  15. RNA Interference - The Newest Way to Study Genes - Answer (click here)
  16. Genomics and Proteomics - Answer (click here)

Viruses Cancer and Immunology

  1. Viruses - Answer (click here)
  2. What is the structure of a virus? - Answer (click here)
  3. Families of Viruses - Answer (click here)
  4. Virus Life Cycles - Answer (click here)
  5. Why are viruses important? - Answer (click here)
  6. Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
  7. Why are retroviruses important? - Answer (click here)
  8. Viruses are Used for Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
  9. The Immune System - Answer (click here)
  10. Innate Immunity-The Front Lines of Defense - Answer (click here)
  11. Acquired Immunity: Cellular Aspects - Answer (click here)
  12. T-Cell Functions - Answer (click here)
  13. T-Cell Memory - Answer (click here)
  14. The Immune System: Molecular Aspects - Answer (click here)
  15. The Immune System: Distinguishing Self from Nonself - Answer (click here)
  16. Viral RNAs Outwit the Immune System - Answer (click here)
  17. Cancer - Answer (click here)
  18. Oncogenes - Answer (click here)
  19. Tumor Suppressors - Answer (click here)
  20. Viruses and Cancer - Answer (click here)
  21. Viruses Helping Cure Cancer - Answer (click here)
  22. Attacking the Symptoms instead of the Disease? - Answer (click here)

The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism

  1. Standard States for Free-Energy Changes - Answer (click here)
  2. A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications - Answer (click here)
  3. Living Things Need Energy-How Do They Use It? - Answer (click here)
  4. The Nature of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  5. Living Things Are Unique Thermodynamic Systems - Answer (click here)
  6. The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  7. Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation-Reduction Reactions - Answer (click here)
  8. Coupling of Production and Use of Energy - Answer (click here)
  9. Coenzyme A in Activation of Metabolic Pathways - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrates

  1. Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry - Answer (click here)
  2. What is unique about the structures of sugars? - Answer (click here)
  3. What happens if a sugar forms a cyclic molecule? - Answer (click here)
  4. Reactions of Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
  5. Vitamin C Is Related to Sugars - Answer (click here)
  6. Some Important Oligosaccharides - Answer (click here)
  7. Fruits, Flowers, Striking Colors, and Medicinal Uses Too - Answer (click here)
  8. Lactose Intolerance: Why Do So Many People Not Want to Drink Milk? - Answer (click here)
  9. Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides - Answer (click here)
  10. Why Is Dietary Fiber So Good for You? - Answer (click here)
  11. Glycoproteins - Answer (click here)
  12. Low-Carbohydrate Diets - Answer (click here)
  13. Glycoproteins and Blood Transfusions - Answer (click here)

Glycolysis

  1. The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
  2. Biofuels from Fermentation - Answer (click here)
  3. Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose toThree-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate - Answer (click here)
  4. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
  5. Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
  6. What Is the Connection between Anaerobic Metabolism and Dental Plaque? - Answer (click here)
  7. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Answer (click here)
  8. Energy Production in Glycolysis - Answer (click here)

Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism

  1. How Glycogen Is Produced and Degraded - Answer (click here)
  2. How does the breakdown of glycogen take place? - Answer (click here)
  3. How is glycogen formed from glucose? - Answer (click here)
  4. How is glycogen metabolism controlled? - Answer (click here)
  5. Why Do Athletes Go In for Glycogen Loading? - Answer (click here)
  6. Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
  7. Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  8. Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted throughthe Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Answer (click here)
  9. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Hemolytic Anemia - Answer (click here)

The Citric Acid Cycle

  1. The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  2. The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
  3. How Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl-CoA - Answer (click here)
  4. The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
  5. Plant Poisons and the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
  6. Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
  7. The Glyoxylate Cycle: A Related Pathway - Answer (click here)
  8. The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism - Answer (click here)
  9. The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism - Answer (click here)
  10. Why Can’t Animals Use All the Same Energy Sources as Plants and Bacteria? - Answer (click here)
  11. The Link to Oxygen - Answer (click here)
  12. Why Is It So Hard to Lose Weight? - Answer (click here)

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

  1. The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  2. Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain - Answer (click here)
  3. Organization of Electron Transport Complexes - Answer (click here)
  4. The Connection between Electron Transportand Phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
  5. The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
  6. Respiratory Inhibitors Can Be Usedto Study Electron Transport - Answer (click here)
  7. Shuttle Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
  8. What Does Brown Adipose Tissue Have to Do with Obesity? - Answer (click here)
  9. The ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose - Answer (click here)
  10. Sports and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  11. The Darker Side of Sports - Answer (click here)

Lipid Metabolism

  1. Catabolism of Lipids - Answer (click here)
  2. The Energy Yield from the Oxidationof Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
  3. Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
  4. Ketone Bodies - Answer (click here)
  5. Fatty-Acid Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  6. Ketone Bodies and Effective Weight Loss - Answer (click here)
  7. Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids - Answer (click here)
  8. A Gene for Obesity - Answer (click here)
  9. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase-A New Target in the Fight against Obesity? - Answer (click here)
  10. Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  11. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)

Photosynthesis

  1. Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  2. The Relationship between Wavelength and Energy of Light - Answer (click here)
  3. Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  4. Cyclic Electron Transport in Photosystem I - Answer (click here)
  5. Photosynthesis and ATP Production - Answer (click here)
  6. Killing Weeds by Inhibiting Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  7. Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen - Answer (click here)
  8. Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2 - Answer (click here)
  9. Chloroplast Genes - Answer (click here)
  10. CO2 Fixation in Tropical Plants - Answer (click here)

The Metabolism of Nitrogen

  1. Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview - Answer (click here)
  2. Nitrogen Fixation - Answer (click here)
  3. Why Is the Nitrogen Content of Fertilizers So Important? - Answer (click here)
  4. Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  5. Amino Acid Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  6. Essential Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
  7. Amino Acid Catabolism - Answer (click here)
  8. Water and the Disposal of Nitrogen Wastes - Answer (click here)
  9. Chemotherapy and Antibiotics - Taking Advantage of the Need for Folic Acid - Answer (click here)
  10. Purine Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  11. Purine Catabolism - Answer (click here)
  12. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome - Answer (click here)
  13. Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism - Answer (click here)
  14. Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides - Answer (click here)
  15. Conversion of dUTP to dTTP - Answer (click here)

Integration of Metabolism Cellular Signaling

  1. Connections between Metabolic Pathways - Answer (click here)
  2. Biochemistry and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
  3. What are required nutrients? - Answer (click here)
  4. Why do we need vitamins? - Answer (click here)
  5. What are minerals? - Answer (click here)
  6. The Food Pyramid - Answer (click here)
  7. What is obesity? - Answer (click here)
  8. Alcohol Consumption and Addiction - Answer (click here)
  9. Iron: An Example of a Mineral Requirement - Answer (click here)
  10. Hormones and Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
  11. What are hormones? - Answer (click here)
  12. How do second messengers work? Cyclic AMP and G Proteins - Answer (click here)
  13. Calcium Ion as a Second Messenger - Answer (click here)
  14. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
  15. Hormones and the Control of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  16. Insulin and Its Effects - Answer (click here)
  17. Insulin and Low-Carbohydrate Diets - Answer (click here)
  18. A Workout a Day Keeps Diabetes Away? - Answer (click here)
  19. The Search for Longevity - Answer (click here)

Living Cell

  1. Living Cell - Answer (click here)
  2. Types of Living cells - Answer (click here)
  3. Sub cellular Organelles - Answer (click here)
  4. Cell Membrane and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  5. Cell Wall and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  6. Nucleus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  7. Mitochondria and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  8. Endoplasmic reticulum and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  9. Golgi apparatus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  10. Ribosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  11. Lysosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  12. Peroxisomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  13. Cytoplasm and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  14. Chloroplasts and its Functions - Answer (click here)
  15. Cell Vacuoles - Answer (click here)
  16. Blood: Composition and Functions - Answer (click here)
  17. Formation of blood - Answer (click here)
  18. Body Fluids - Answer (click here)
  19. Buffers - Answer (click here)
  20. Uses of buffer - Answer (click here)
  21. Buffers of blood - Answer (click here)
  22. Acids and bases - Answer (click here)

Biomolecules

  1. Biomolecule: Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
  2. Classification and Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
  3. Proteins: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
  4. Lipids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
  5. Nucleic acids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)

Enzymes

  1. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
  2. Chemical nature of enzymes - Answer (click here)
  3. Naming of enzymes - Answer (click here)
  4. Classification of enzymes - Answer (click here)
  5. Factors influencing enzyme activity - Answer (click here)
  6. Types of enzyme inhibition - Answer (click here)
  7. Iso enzymes - Answer (click here)
  8. Importance of enzymes - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrates

  1. Functions of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
  2. Classification of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
  3. Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
  4. Physical properties of monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
  5. Chemical properties of glucose - Answer (click here)
  6. Haworth projection formula of glucose and fructose - Answer (click here)
  7. Disaccharides - Answer (click here)
  8. Poly saccharides - Answer (click here)

Proteins

  1. Proteins and Sources of protein - Answer (click here)
  2. Amino acids - Answer (click here)
  3. Properties of amino acids - Answer (click here)
  4. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
  5. Physical and Chemical Properties of proteins - Answer (click here)
  6. Protein structure - Answer (click here)
  7. Biologically important proteins - Answer (click here)

Lipids

  1. Lipids - Answer (click here)
  2. Classification of Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
  3. Essential fatty acid (EFA): Structure, Functions - Answer (click here)
  4. Structure of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
  5. Physical and Chemical Properties of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
  6. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
  7. Classification of Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
  8. Properties of glycero phospholipids and sphingo phospholipids - Answer (click here)
  9. Importance of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
  10. Sterols - Answer (click here)
  11. Cholesterol: Structure, Properties - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acids

  1. Structure and Properties of pyrimidine bases - Answer (click here)
  2. Purine bases: Structure and Properties - Answer (click here)
  3. Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)
  4. Nucleic acids: Nucleosides and Nucleotides - Answer (click here)
  5. Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
  6. Functions of DNA - Answer (click here)
  7. Structure and types of RNA - Answer (click here)

Vitamins

  1. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
  2. Fat soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
  3. Water soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
  4. Vitamin - A - Answer (click here)
  5. Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
  6. Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
  7. Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
  8. Thiamine (B1) - Answer (click here)
  9. Riboflavin (B2) - Answer (click here)
  10. Niacin (B3) - Answer (click here)
  11. Pyridoxine (B6) - Answer (click here)
  12. Folic acid - Answer (click here)
  13. Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
  14. Pantothenic acid (B5) - Answer (click here)
  15. Biotin - Answer (click here)
  16. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - Answer (click here)

Minerals

  1. Minerals Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Calcium - Answer (click here)
  3. Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
  4. Sodium - Answer (click here)
  5. Potassium - Answer (click here)
  6. Chlorine - Answer (click here)
  7. Magnesium - Answer (click here)
  8. Sulphur - Answer (click here)
  9. Iron - Answer (click here)
  10. Copper - Answer (click here)
  11. Iodine - Answer (click here)
  12. Fluorine - Answer (click here)
  13. Zinc - Answer (click here)
  14. Cobalt - Answer (click here)
  15. Manganese - Answer (click here)
  16. Chromium - Answer (click here)
  17. Molybdenum - Answer (click here)
  18. Selenium - Answer (click here)

Biochemical Techniques

  1. Chromatography - Answer (click here)
  2. Types of chromatography - Answer (click here)
  3. Column chromatography: Types, Principle - Answer (click here)
  4. Thin Layer chromatography - Answer (click here)
  5. Paper chromatography - Answer (click here)
  6. Applications of chromatography - Answer (click here)
  7. Electrophoresis: principle, Types - Answer (click here)
  8. Centrifugation techniques: Principle, Types, Uses - Answer (click here)
  9. Differential centrifugation technique - Answer (click here)
  10. Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
  11. The photoelectric colorimeter - Answer (click here)
  12. Applications of spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)

Cell Membrane

  1. Cell Membrane: Introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Cell Membrane: Chemical Composition - Answer (click here)
  3. Models proposed for the plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
  4. Membrane Transport - Answer (click here)
  5. Cell Membrane: Viscosity - Answer (click here)
  6. Surface tension - Answer (click here)
  7. Osmosis and Biological Significance - Answer (click here)
  8. Buffers - Answer (click here)

Digestion

  1. Biochemistry: Digestion - Answer (click here)
  2. Carbohydrates in Digestion - Answer (click here)
  3. Digestion of Proteins - Answer (click here)
  4. Digestion of Lipids - Answer (click here)
  5. Digestion of Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrate Metabolism

  1. Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  2. Carbohydrate as a source of energy - Answer (click here)
  3. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) - Answer (click here)
  4. HMP shunt pathway - Answer (click here)
  5. Glycogen - Answer (click here)
  6. Glycogen biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  7. Degradation of glycogen (Glycogenolysis) - Answer (click here)
  8. Gluconeogenesis - Answer (click here)
  9. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)

Protein Metabolism

  1. Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  2. Protein biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  3. Protein Metabolism Translation - Answer (click here)
  4. Metabolism of Proteins - Answer (click here)
  5. Urea Cycle - Answer (click here)
  6. Formation of Niacin - Answer (click here)
  7. Formation of Melanin - Answer (click here)
  8. Formation of thyroid hormone - Answer (click here)
  9. Formation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)

Lipid Metabolism

  1. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  2. Biological functions of Lipids - Answer (click here)
  3. Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
  4. Biosynthesis of fatty acids - Answer (click here)
  5. Oxidation of Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
  6. Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
  7. Biosynthesis of cholesterol - Answer (click here)
  8. Important products derived from cholesterol - Answer (click here)
  9. Biosynthesis of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
  10. Cephalin - Answer (click here)
  11. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid Metabolism

  1. Nucleic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  2. Biosynthesis of DNA - Answer (click here)
  3. Replication and Models of Replication - Answer (click here)
  4. Sequential Process of Replication Initiation of DNA replication - Answer (click here)
  5. Catabolism of DNA by Deoxyribonucleases - Answer (click here)
  6. Biosynthesis of RNA (Transcription) - Answer (click here)
  7. Processing of mRNA molecules - Answer (click here)
  8. mRNA Processing of tRNA Molecules - Answer (click here)
  9. Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - Answer (click here)

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

  1. Inborn Errors of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  2. Galactosemia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
  3. Von - Gierke’s Disease : Cause, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
  4. Hemophilia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
  5. Albinism - Answer (click here)
  6. Alkaptonuria: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
  7. Taysach’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
  8. Neoplasm - Answer (click here)

Biological Oxidation

  1. Biological Oxidation - Answer (click here)
  2. Redox Couple - Answer (click here)
  3. Electron transport chain - Answer (click here)
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
  5. High energy compounds - Answer (click here)

Enzyme Kinetics

  1. Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here)
  2. Derivation of M - M Equation - Answer (click here)
  3. Enzyme Action - Answer (click here)
  4. Enzyme Inhibitor - Concepts - Answer (click here)

Immunology

  1. Immunology - Answer (click here)
  2. Infections - Answer (click here)
  3. Immunity - Answer (click here)
  4. Natural Immunity - Answer (click here)
  5. Acquired immunity - Answer (click here)
  6. Humoral immunity - Answer (click here)
  7. Cell mediated immunity - Answer (click here)
  8. Antigens - Answer (click here)
  9. Structure and Types of Antigens - Answer (click here)
  10. Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens - Answer (click here)
  11. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
  12. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
  13. Immunoglobulin and their functions, Types - Answer (click here)
  14. Antigen antibody reactions - Answer (click here)
  15. Blood groups - Answer (click here)

Practicals

  1. Collection of Blood - Answer (click here)
  2. Preparation of Starch From Potatoes - Answer (click here)
  3. Preparation of Casein From Milk - Answer (click here)
  4. Estimation of Protein (Biuret Method) - Colorimetric Estimation - Answer (click here)
  5. Estimation of Glucose (Orthotoluidine method) - Answer (click here)
  6. Estimation of Calcium (Titrimetric Method) - Answer (click here)
  7. Determination of Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)
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