Thursday, 10 May 2018

The Diversity of Fishes: Biology Evolution and Ecology - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers



The Diversity of Fishes: Biology Evolution and Ecology
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers




Subject : The Diversity of Fishes: Biology Evolution and Ecology

Introduction

  1. The science of ichthyology - Answer (click here)
  2. What is a fish? - Answer (click here)
  3. The diversity of fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Superlative fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. A brief history of ichthyology - Answer (click here)

Systematic procedures

  1. Species - Answer (click here)
  2. Taxonomy versus systematics - Answer (click here)
  3. Approaches to classification - Answer (click here)
  4. Taxonomic characters - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Vertebrate classes - Answer (click here)
  6. Units of classification - The Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - Answer (click here)
  8. PhyloCode - Answer (click here)
  9. Name changes - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  10. Collections - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)

Skeleton skin and scales

  1. Skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Neurocranium - Skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Branchiocranium - Skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Postcranial skeleton - Skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Appendicular skeleton - Skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Epidermis - Integumentary skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Scales - Integumentary skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Scale morphology in taxonomy and life history - Integumentary skeleton of Fishes - Answer (click here)

Soft anatomy

  1. Muscles - Anatomy of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Cardiovascular system of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Alimentary canal of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Gas bladder of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Kidneys of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Gonads of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Nervous system of Fishes - Answer (click here)

Oxygen metabolism and energetics

  1. Respiration and ventilation of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Water as arespiratory environment - Respiration and ventilation of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Aquatic breathing - Respiration and ventilation of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Air-breathing fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Gas transport of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Metabolic rate of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Swimming of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Buoyancy regulation of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Energy intake of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  10. Bioenergetics models of Fishes - Answer (click here)

Sensory systems

  1. Mechanoreception - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Lateral line system - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Equilibrium and balance - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Hearing in fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Electroreception - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Electroreceptors - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Electrical communication - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Electrical attack and defense - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Vision - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  10. Visual adaptations for special habitats - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  11. Chemoreception - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  12. Magnetic reception - Fishes - Answer (click here)

Homeostasis

  1. Coordination and control of regulation - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Temperature relationships - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  3. Coping with temperature fluctuation - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  4. Heterothermic fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Coping with temperature extremes - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  6. Thermal preference - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  7. Osmoregulation, excretion, ion and pH balance - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  8. Osmoregulation in different types of fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Control of osmoregulation and excretion - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  10. pH balance - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  11. The immune system of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  12. Stress - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  13. Indicators of stress - Fishes: Homeostasis - Answer (click here)

Functional morphology of locomotion and feeding

  1. Locomotion: movement and shape - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Locomotory types - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Specialized locomotion - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Swimming in sharks: the alternative approach - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Feeding: biting, sucking,chewing, and swallowing - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Jaw protrusion: the great leap forward - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Pharyngeal jaws - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Dentition - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Mouth position and function - Fishes - Answer (click here)

Early life history

  1. Complex life cycles and indeterminate growth - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Early life history:terminology - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Gametogenesis - Eggs and sperm of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Fertilization - Eggs and sperm of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Embryology - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Meristic variation - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Larvae - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Larval feeding and survival - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Larval behavior and physiology - Answer (click here)
  10. Larval morphology and taxonomy - Answer (click here)
  11. Getting from here to there: larval transport mechanisms - Answer (click here)

Juveniles adults age and growth

  1. Juveniles - Answer (click here)
  2. Transitions and transitional stages - Juveniles - Answer (click here)
  3. Complex transitions: smoltificationin salmon, metamorphosis in flatfish - Answer (click here)
  4. Determination, differentiation, and maturation - Adults Adults - Answer (click here)
  5. Maturation and longevity - Adults Fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Death and senescence - Adults Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Age - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Growth - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Body size, scaling, and allometry - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  10. Ontogenetic differences within species - Fishes - Answer (click here)
  11. Evolution via adjustments in development: heterochrony, paedomorphosis, and neoteny - Fishes - Answer (click here)

A history of fishes

  1. A history of fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Jawless fishes - A history of fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Subphylum Craniata, Infraphylum Vertebrata - A history of fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Later evolution of primitive agnathous fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Gnathostomes: early jawed fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Class Placodermi - Gnathostomes: early jawed fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Advanced jawed fishes I: teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here)
  8. Class Acanthodii - Advanced jawed fishes I: teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here)
  9. Class Sarcopterygii - Advanced jawed fishes I: teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here)
  10. Tetrapodamorphs: tetrapod ancestors - Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here)
  11. Class Actinopterygii - Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here)
  12. Subclass Cladistia - Class Actinopterygii, Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here)
  13. Subclass Chondrostei - Class Actinopterygii, Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here)
  14. Subclass Neopterygii - Class Actinopterygii, Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here)
  15. Division Teleostei - Class Actinopterygii, Advanced jawed fishes : teleostomes (Osteichthyes) - Answer (click here)
  16. Trends during teleostean phylogeny - Answer (click here)
  17. Advanced jawed fishes II: Chondrichthyes - Answer (click here)
  18. Subclass Elasmobranchii - Advanced jawed fishes: Chondrichthyes - Answer (click here)
  19. Subclass Holocephali - Advanced jawed fishes: Chondrichthyes - Answer (click here)
  20. A history of fishes: summary and overview - Answer (click here)

Chondrichthyes sharks skates rays and chimaeras

  1. Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
  2. Modern neoselachian diversity - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
  3. Body size - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
  4. Habitats - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
  5. Movement and home ranges - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
  6. Metabolism and growth rate: life in the slow lane - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
  7. Feeding habits - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
  8. Sensory physiology - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
  9. Reproduction and development - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
  10. Shark conservation - Subclass Elasmobranchii - Answer (click here)
  11. Chimaeras - Subclass Holocephali - Answer (click here)

Living representatives of primitive fishes

  1. Amphioxiforms - Jawless fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Hagfishes and lampreys: evolutionary relationships - Jawless fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Myxiniforms - Jawless fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Petromyzontiforms - Jawless fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Subclass Coelacanthimorpha: the living coelacanths - Primitive bony fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. The living coelacanths, at least for now - Answer (click here)
  7. Subclass Dipnoi, Order Ceratodontiformes: the lungfishes - Primitive bony fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Cladistia: bichirs and Reedfish - Primitive bony fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Cladistian autapomorphic and synapomorphic traits - Answer (click here)
  10. Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Chondrostei, Order Acipenseriformes: sturgeons and paddlefishes - Answer (click here)
  11. Acipenseridae - Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Chondrostei, Order Acipenseriformes: sturgeons and paddlefishes - Answer (click here)
  12. Polyodontidae - Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Chondrostei, Order Acipenseriformes: sturgeons and paddlefishes - Answer (click here)
  13. Subclass Neopterygii, Order Lepisosteiformes (or Semionotiformes): the gars - Answer (click here)
  14. Order Amiiformes: the Bowfin - Answer (click here)

Teleosts at last I bonytongues through anglerfishes

  1. Teleostean phylogeny - Answer (click here)
  2. Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Subdivision Elopomorpha - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Subdivision Otocephala (= Ostarioclupeomorpha), Superorder Clupeomorpha - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Subdivision Otocephala (= Ostarioclupeomorpha), Superorder Ostariophysi - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Subdivision Euteleostei - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Subdivision Euteostei, Superorder Protacanthopterygii - teleostean fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Neognathi - Answer (click here)
  9. Acanthomorpha: thespiny teleosts - Answer (click here)
  10. Superorder Lampriomorpha - Acanthomorpha: thespiny teleosts - Answer (click here)
  11. Superorder Polymixiomorpha - Acanthomorpha: thespiny teleosts - Answer (click here)

Teleosts at last IIspiny rayed fishes

  1. Superorder Acanthopterygii: introduction - Answer (click here)
  2. Series Mugilomorpha - Answer (click here)
  3. Series Atherinomorpha - Answer (click here)
  4. Series Percomorpha:basal orders - Answer (click here)
  5. Series Percomorpha, Order Perciformes: the perchlike fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Suborder Percoidea - Answer (click here)
  7. Suborder Elassomatoidei - Answer (click here)
  8. Suborder Labroidei - Answer (click here)
  9. Suborder Zoarcoidei - Answer (click here)
  10. Suborder Notothenioidei - Answer (click here)
  11. Suborder Trachinoidei - Answer (click here)
  12. Suborder Blennioidei - Answer (click here)
  13. Suborders Icosteoidei,Gobiesocoidei, and Callionymoidei - Answer (click here)
  14. Suborder Gobioidei - Answer (click here)
  15. Suborder Kurtoidei - Answer (click here)
  16. Suborder Acanthuroidei - Answer (click here)
  17. Suborder Xiphioidei - Answer (click here)
  18. Suborder Scombroidei - Answer (click here)
  19. Suborder Stromateoidei - Answer (click here)
  20. Suborder Anabantoidei - Answer (click here)
  21. Suborder Channoidei - Answer (click here)
  22. Suborder Caproidei - Answer (click here)
  23. Order Pleuronectiformes - Answer (click here)
  24. Order Tetraodontiformes - Answer (click here)

Zoogeography

  1. Marine fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Major ecological divisions - Marine fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Indo-West Pacific region - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Western Atlantic region - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Eastern Pacific region - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Eastern Atlantic region - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Mediterranean Sea - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Arctic and Antarctic fishes - Marine zoogeographic regions fishes - Answer (click here)
  10. Freshwater fishes - Answer (click here)
  11. Nearctic region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here)
  12. Neotropical region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here)
  13. Palearctic region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here)
  14. African region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here)
  15. Oriental region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here)
  16. Australian region Freshwater Fishes - Answer (click here)
  17. Archaic freshwater fish distributions - Answer (click here)
  18. More recent freshwater fish distributions - Answer (click here)
  19. Similarities between South American and African freshwater fishes - Answer (click here)
  20. Middle American freshwater fishes - Answer (click here)

Fish genetics

  1. Fish genomics - Answer (click here)
  2. Molecular ecology - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)
  3. Population genetics - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)
  4. Dispersal and population structure - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)
  5. Pelagic larval duration and population structure - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)
  6. Habitat preference - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)
  7. Complex population structure - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)
  8. Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here)
  9. Dispersal and vicariance revisited - Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here)
  10. Freshwater fishes - Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here)
  11. Anadromous fishes - Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here)
  12. Marine fishes - Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here)
  13. Transarctic interchange between the North Pacific and North Atlantic - Fish genetics: Phylogeography - Answer (click here)
  14. Molecular evolution - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)
  15. The deepest vertebrate radiations: are you a fish? - Answer (click here)
  16. The history of ray-finned fishes - Answer (click here)
  17. Mapping an evolutionary innovation in parrotfishes - Answer (click here)
  18. Cryptic evolutionary diversity: the case of the bonefishes - Answer (click here)
  19. The cichlid radiation of Lake Malawi - Answer (click here)
  20. Conservation genetics - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)
  21. Molecular identification in the marketplace - Fish genetics - Answer (click here)

Special habitats and special adaptations

  1. The deep sea - Answer (click here)
  2. Physical factors affecting the deep sea - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Convergence in the deep sea - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. The open sea - Answer (click here)
  5. Adaptations to the open sea - Answer (click here)
  6. Foraging - Answer (click here)
  7. Life history patterns in pelagic fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Flotsam - Answer (click here)
  9. Evolution and convergence - Deep sea - Answer (click here)
  10. Polar regions - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  11. Antarctic fishes - Answer (click here)
  12. Adaptations and constraints of Antarctic fishes - Answer (click here)
  13. Arctic fishes - Answer (click here)
  14. Deserts and other seasonally arid habitats - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  15. North American deserts - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  16. Strong currents and turbulent water - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  17. Caves - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  18. Adaptations to cave living - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  19. Preadaptation, evolution, and convergence in cave fishes - Answer (click here)

Fishes as predators

  1. Search and detect - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here)
  2. Pursuit - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here)
  3. Attack and capture - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here)
  4. Handling - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here)
  5. Scavengers, detritivores, and herbivores - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here)
  6. Optimally foraging fishes - Fishes as predators - Answer (click here)

Fishes as prey

  1. Avoiding detection: Camouflage - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here)
  2. Avoiding detection: Invisible fishes - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here)
  3. Avoiding detection: Early detection - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here)
  4. Avoiding detection: Shoaling and search - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here)
  5. Evading pursuit - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here)
  6. Preventing and deflecting attacks - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here)
  7. Discouraging capture and handling - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here)
  8. Balancing foraging against predatory threat - Fishes as prey - Answer (click here)

Fishes as social animals reproduction

  1. Reproductive patterns among fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Lifetime reproductive opportunities - Reproductive patterns among fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Mating systems - Reproductive patterns among fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Gender roles in fishes - Reproductive patterns among fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Sexual selection, dimorphism, and mate choice - Fishes as social animals: Courtship and spawning - Answer (click here)
  6. Spawning site selection and preparation - Fishes as social animals: Courtship and spawning - Answer (click here)
  7. Courtship patterns - Fishes as social animals: Courtship and spawning - Answer (click here)
  8. Spawning site selection and preparation - Fishes as social animals: Courtship and spawning - Answer (click here)
  9. The spawning act - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
  10. Extent and diversity of care - Parental care of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  11. The gender of care-givers - Parental care of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  12. The costs of care - Parental care of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  13. Alternative mating systems and tactics - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)

Fishes as social animals aggregation aggression and cooperation

  1. Visual communication of Fishes - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
  2. Acoustic communication of Fishes - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
  3. Chemical communication of Fishes - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
  4. Tactile communication of Fishes - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
  5. Electrical communication of Fishes - Fishes as social animals - Answer (click here)
  6. Agonistic interactions of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Behavioral hierarchies - Agonistic interactions of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Territoriality - Agonistic interactions of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Home ranges - Agonistic interactions of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  10. Aggregations Shoaling of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  11. Optimal group size - Aggregations of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  12. Parasitism - Interspecific relations of Fishes: symbioses - Answer (click here)
  13. Mutualism and commensalism - Interspecific relations of Fishes: symbioses - Answer (click here)
  14. Interspecific shoaling - Interspecific relations of Fishes: symbioses - Answer (click here)

Cycles of activity and behavior

  1. Light-induced activity patterns - Fishes: Diel patterns - Answer (click here)
  2. Vertical migrations - Fishes: Diel patterns - Answer (click here)
  3. Circadian rhythms - Fishes: Diel patterns - Answer (click here)
  4. Tidal patterns - Fishes: Diel patterns - Answer (click here)
  5. Semilunar and lunar patterns - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Activity and distribution - Seasonal patterns of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Reproductive seasonality - Seasonal patterns of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  8. Seasonal reproduction: proximate and ultimate factors - Seasonal patterns of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Annual and supra-annual patterns: migrations of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  10. Diadromy - Annual and supra-annual patterns: migrations of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  11. Mechanisms of migration - Annual and supra-annual patterns: migrations of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  12. Representative life histories of migratory fishes - Answer (click here)

Individuals populations and assemblages

  1. Life histories and reproductive ecology of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  2. Population dynamics and regulation - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  3. Production of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  4. Genetic structure of populations - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  5. Hybridization - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Assemblages - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)
  7. Niches and guilds: the ecological role of a species - Diversity of Fishes: Assemblages - Answer (click here)
  8. Habitat use and choice - Diversity of Fishes: Assemblages - Answer (click here)
  9. Habitat choice and spatial structure: zonation - Diversity of Fishes: Assemblages - Answer (click here)
  10. Competition - Diversity of Fishes: Assemblages - Answer (click here)
  11. Predation - Diversity of Fishes: Assemblages - Answer (click here)
  12. Synthesis: what determines assemblage structure among coral reef fishes? - Answer (click here)

Communities ecosystems and the functional role of fishes

  1. Community-level interactions between fishes and other taxonomic groups - Answer (click here)
  2. The effects of fishes on plants - Answer (click here)
  3. Effects of fishes on zooplankton - Answer (click here)
  4. Effects of fishes on benthic invertebrates - Answer (click here)
  5. Turnover rates and the inverted food pyramid - Effects of fishes - Answer (click here)
  6. Fishes in the ecosystem - Answer (click here)
  7. Indirect effects and trophic cascades - Fishes in the ecosystem - Answer (click here)
  8. Nutrient cycling and transport by fishes - Answer (click here)
  9. Fishes in food webs - Answer (click here)
  10. Fishes as producers and transporters of sand, coral, and rocks - Answer (click here)
  11. Influence of physical factors and disturbance - Diversity of Fishes - Answer (click here)

Conservation and the future of fishes

  1. Extinction and biodiversity loss - Answer (click here)
  2. Threatened and endangered fishes - Extinction and biodiversity loss - Answer (click here)
  3. General causes of biodiversity decline - Answer (click here)
  4. Habitat loss and modification - General causes of fish biodiversity decline - Answer (click here)
  5. Species introductions - General causes of fish biodiversity decline - Answer (click here)
  6. Pollution - General causes of fish biodiversity decline - Answer (click here)
  7. Commercial exploitation - General causes of fish biodiversity decline - Answer (click here)
  8. Global climate change - General causes of fish biodiversity decline - Answer (click here)
  9. What can be done against fish Biodiversity loss? - Answer (click here)
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