Friday 11 May 2018

Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers



Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers




Subject : Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications

Progress in Therapeutics

  1. Progress in Therapeutics: Contributions of Many Cultures - Answer (click here)
  2. Drug Control And Development - Answer (click here)
  3. Modern Drug Legislation - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Testing of Drugs - Answer (click here)
  5. Phases of Clinical Investigation - Answer (click here)
  6. Special Populations - Answer (click here)
  7. Adverse Reaction Surveillance - Answer (click here)

Mechanisms of Drug Action

  1. Receptors - Answer (click here)
  2. Drug Receptors and Biological Responses - Answer (click here)
  3. Second-Messenger Systems - Answer (click here)
  4. The Chemistry of Drug-Receptor Binding - Answer (click here)
  5. Dynamics of Drug–Receptor Binding - Answer (click here)
  6. Dose–Response Relationship - Answer (click here)
  7. Equations Derived From Drug–Receptor Interactions - Answer (click here)
  8. Drug Antagonism - Answer (click here)

Drug Absorption and Distribution

  1. Properties of Biological Membranes that Influence Drug Passage - Answer (click here)
  2. Mechanisms of Solute Transport Across Membranes - Answer (click here)
  3. Absorption of Drugs From the Alimentary Tract - Answer (click here)
  4. Factors Affecting Rate of Gastrointestinal Absorption - Answer (click here)
  5. Absorption of Drugs From the Lung - Answer (click here)
  6. Absorption of Drugs Through the Skin - Answer (click here)
  7. Absorption of Drugs After Parenteral Administration - Answer (click here)
  8. Factors Influencing Drug Distribution - Answer (click here)
  9. Human Available Distribution Volume - Answer (click here)
  10. Binding of Drugs to Plasma Proteins - Answer (click here)
  11. Selective Accumulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
  12. Physiological Barriers to Drug Distribution - Answer (click here)

Metabolism and Excretion of Drugs

  1. Oxidative and Reductive Enzymes: Phase I Reactions - Answer (click here)
  2. Conjugative Enzymes: Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
  3. Tissue Specificity of Human Drug Metabolism Enzymes - Answer (click here)
  4. Pharmacogenetics of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes - Answer (click here)
  5. Excretion of Drugs - Answer (click here)
  6. Renal Excretion - Answer (click here)
  7. Pulmonary Excretion - Answer (click here)
  8. Excretion in Other Body Fluids - Answer (click here)

Pharmacokinetics

  1. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
  2. Drug Concentration-Time Profiles and Basic Pharmacokinetic Parameters - Answer (click here)
  3. Additional Pharmacokinetic Parameters - Answer (click here)
  4. Pharmacokinetics of Single Versus Multiple Dosing - Answer (click here)
  5. Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)

Drug Metabolism and Disposition in Pediatric and Gerontological Stages of Life

  1. Drug Disposition in Pediatric Patients - Answer (click here)
  2. Drug Disposition in Geriatric Patients - Answer (click here)

Principles of Toxicology

  1. Principles of Toxicology - Answer (click here)
  2. Manifestations of Toxicity - Answer (click here)
  3. Treatment of Poisonings - Answer (click here)
  4. Exposure to Nontherapeutic Toxicants - Answer (click here)
  5. Applications of Toxicological Principles - Answer (click here)

Contemporary Bioethical Issues in Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Research

  1. Biomedical Ethics in Pharmacology: An Introduction and Framework - Answer (click here)
  2. Biomedical Ethics and Clinical Research - Answer (click here)
  3. Conflicts of Interest and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)

General Organization and Functions of the Nervous System

  1. General Organization and Functions of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
  2. Anatomic Differences Between the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems - Answer (click here)
  3. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
  4. Autonomic Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
  5. Innervation of Various Organs by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems - Answer (click here)
  6. The Adrenal Medulla - Answer (click here)
  7. Transmission of the Nerve Impulse - Answer (click here)
  8. Steps in Neurochemical Transmission - Answer (click here)
  9. Receptors on the Autonomic Effector Cells - Answer (click here)

Adrenomimetic Drugs

  1. Adrenomimetic Drugs: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
  2. Adrenomimetic Drugs: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
  3. Pharmacodynamic Actions of Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Isoproterenol - Answer (click here)
  4. Pharmacological Actions of Dopamine - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Uses of Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
  6. Other Adrenomimetic Agents - Answer (click here)

Adrenoceptor Antagonists

  1. Adrenoceptors - Answer (click here)
  2. Classification of Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
  3. alpha-Receptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
  4. beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
  5. Drugs With Combined and Βeta-and Αlpha Blocking Activity - Answer (click here)

Directly and Indirectly Acting Cholinomimetics

  1. Directly and Indirectly Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
  2. Direct-Acting Parasympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  3. Cholinesterase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  4. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)

Muscarinic Blocking Drugs

  1. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
  2. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
  3. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Pharmacological Actions - Answer (click here)
  4. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion - Answer (click here)
  5. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
  6. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Antimuscarinic Poisoning - Answer (click here)
  7. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Contraindications and Cautions - Answer (click here)

Ganglionic Blocking Drugs and Nicotine

  1. Ganglionic Transmission - Answer (click here)
  2. Ganglionic Stimulants - Answer (click here)
  3. Ganglionic Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
  4. Individual Agents - Answer (click here)

Pharmacological Management of Chronic Heart Failure

  1. Chronic (Congestive) Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
  2. Myocardial Excitation–Contraction Coupling - Answer (click here)
  3. Cardiac Glycosides - Answer (click here)
  4. Diuretics - Answer (click here)
  5. Hydralazine and Nitrates - Answer (click here)
  6. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  7. Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
  8. cAMP-Elevating Agents - Answer (click here)
  9. Antiarrhythmic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  10. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Transmembrane Potential - Answer (click here)
  11. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Ionic Basis for the Membrane Action Potential - Answer (click here)
  12. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Automaticity - Answer (click here)
  13. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Cardiac Conduction - Answer (click here)
  14. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Refractory Period - Answer (click here)
  15. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
  16. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Enhanced Automaticity - Answer (click here)
  17. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Triggered Activity - Answer (click here)
  18. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Reentry - Answer (click here)
  19. Classification of Antiarrhythmic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  20. Quinidine - Answer (click here)
  21. Procainamide - Answer (click here)
  22. Disopyramide - Answer (click here)
  23. Moricizine - Answer (click here)
  24. Lidocaine - Answer (click here)
  25. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
  26. Tocainide - Answer (click here)
  27. Mexiletine - Answer (click here)
  28. Flecainide - Answer (click here)
  29. Propafenone - Answer (click here)
  30. Propranolol - Answer (click here)
  31. Acebutolol - Answer (click here)
  32. Esmolol - Answer (click here)
  33. Bretylium - Answer (click here)
  34. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
  35. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
  36. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
  37. Ibutilide Fumarate - Answer (click here)
  38. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
  39. Digitalis Glycosides and Vagomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  40. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
  41. Magnesium Sulfate - Answer (click here)
  42. Drug–Device Interactions - Answer (click here)

Antianginal Drugs

  1. Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
  2. The Therapeutic Objectives in the Use of Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
  3. Organic Nitrates Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
  4. β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
  5. Calcium Entry or Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)

The ReninAngiotensin Aldosterone System and Other Vasoactive Substances

  1. The Renin–Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
  2. Angiotensin Receptors - Answer (click here)
  3. Pharmacological Actions - Answer (click here)
  4. Antagonists of the Renin–Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
  5. Aldosterone - Answer (click here)
  6. Bradykinin - Answer (click here)
  7. Endothelin - Answer (click here)
  8. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
  9. Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)

Calcium Channel Blockers

  1. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
  2. Calcium Antagonism - Answer (click here)
  3. Pharmacological Effects on the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
  4. Therapeutic Applications - Answer (click here)
  5. Calcium Channel Blockers: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
  6. Calcium Channel Blockers: Toxicity - Answer (click here)

Antihypertensive Drugs

  1. Antihypertensive Drugs - Answer (click here)
  2. Diuretics - Answer (click here)
  3. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
  4. Vasodilators: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
  5. Vasodilators: Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
  6. Vasodilators: Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
  7. Vasodilators: Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
  8. Vasodilators: Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
  9. Drugs That Impair Sympathetic Nervous System Functioning - Answer (click here)
  10. Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
  11. Adrenergic Neuron Βeta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
  12. Drugs that Interfere with Norepinephrine Storage - Answer (click here)
  13. Drugs that Interfere with Norepinephrine Synthesis - Answer (click here)
  14. Ganglionic Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
  15. Centrally Acting Hypotensive Drugs - Answer (click here)

Diuretic Drugs

  1. Diuretic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  2. Body Water and Electrolyte Metabolism - Answer (click here)
  3. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  4. Thiazide Diuretics - Answer (click here)
  5. Hypokalemia and Potassium-sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
  6. High-Ceiling, or Loop, Diuretics - Answer (click here)
  7. Osmotic Diuretics - Answer (click here)
  8. Uses of Diuretics - Answer (click here)

Anticoagulant Antiplatelet and Fibrinolytic Thrombolytic Drugs

  1. Hemostatic Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
  2. Coagulation Systems - Answer (click here)
  3. Anticoagulant Drugs - Answer (click here)
  4. Clinical Indications for Anticoagulant Therapy - Answer (click here)
  5. Antiplatelet Drugs - Answer (click here)
  6. Fibrinolytic System - Answer (click here)

Hypocholesterolemic Drugs and Coronary Heart Disease

  1. Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease as the Goal - Answer (click here)
  2. When to Treat Hypercholesterolemias? - Answer (click here)
  3. Management of Hyperlipidemias With Drugs - Answer (click here)
  4. Management of Hyperlipidemias With Drugs: Other Hypocholesterolemic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  5. When to Treat Hypertriglyceridemias - Answer (click here)

Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology

  1. Review of Basic Neuroscience - Answer (click here)
  2. Central Nervous System Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
  3. Blood-Brain Barrier - Answer (click here)

General Anesthesia Intravenous and Inhalational Agents

  1. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics Influencing the Clinical - Answer (click here)
  2. Intravenous Anesthetic Agents - Answer (click here)
  3. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
  4. Etomidate - Answer (click here)
  5. Propofol - Answer (click here)
  6. Ketamine - Answer (click here)
  7. Intravenous Anesthetic Techniques Managed with Opioids - Answer (click here)
  8. α2-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
  9. Inhalational Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
  10. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics - Answer (click here)
  11. Development of the Partial Pressure of a Gas in Solution - Answer (click here)
  12. A Concept of Anesthetic Dose Based on Partial Pressure–Minimum Alveolar Concentration - Answer (click here)
  13. Factors Affecting the Rate of Development of Anesthetic Concentration in the Lung - Answer (click here)
  14. Halogenated Hydrocarbon Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
  15. Nonhalogenated Inhalational Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
  16. Mechanism of Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)

Opioid and Nonopioid Analgesics

  1. The Nature of Pain - Answer (click here)
  2. Nonopioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
  3. Salicylates - Answer (click here)
  4. p-Aminophenol Derivatives - Answer (click here)
  5. Indoles (indomethacin) and Related Compounds - Answer (click here)
  6. Fenamates - Answer (click here)
  7. Arylpropionic Acid Derivatives - Answer (click here)
  8. Pyrazolone Derivatives - Answer (click here)
  9. Oxicam Derivatives - Answer (click here)
  10. Acetic Acid Derivatives - Answer (click here)
  11. COX-2 Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  12. Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
  13. Opioid Analgesics: Pharmacological Effects - Answer (click here)
  14. Opioid Analgesics: Morphine - Answer (click here)
  15. Opioid Analgesics: Codeine and Other Phenanthrene Derivatives - Answer (click here)
  16. Opioid Analgesics: Meperidine and Related Phenylpiperidine Derivatives - Answer (click here)
  17. Opioid Analgesics: Fentanyl, Sufentanil, and Alfentanil - Answer (click here)
  18. Opioid Analgesics: Levorphanol - Answer (click here)
  19. Opioid Analgesics: Methadone - Answer (click here)
  20. Opioid Analgesics: Propoxyphene - Answer (click here)
  21. Opioid Analgesics: Opium-Containing Preparations - Answer (click here)
  22. Opioid Analgesics: Heroin - Answer (click here)
  23. Mixed Opioid Agonist–Antagonists or Partial Agonists - Answer (click here)
  24. Opioid Analgesics: Opioid Antagonists - Answer (click here)
  25. Opioid Analgesics: Drugs Used Predominantly as Antitussives - Answer (click here)

Local Anesthetics

  1. Properties of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
  2. Esters - Answer (click here)
  3. Amides - Answer (click here)
  4. Topical Agents - Answer (click here)
  5. Agents Affecting Neuromuscular Transmission - Answer (click here)
  6. Enhancement of Acetylcholine Release - Answer (click here)
  7. Depression of Acetylcholine Release - Answer (click here)
  8. Depression of Postjunctional Response to Acetylcholine - Answer (click here)
  9. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
  10. Pharmacology of Antispasticity Agents - Answer (click here)

Central Nervous System Stimulants

  1. Central Nervous System Stimulants - Answer (click here)
  2. Analeptic Stimulants - Answer (click here)
  3. Psychomotor Stimulants - Answer (click here)
  4. Xanthines - Answer (click here)

Sedative hypnotic and Anxiolytic Drugs

  1. Sedative–hypnotic and Anxiolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  2. Azapirones - Answer (click here)
  3. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
  4. Other Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
  5. Sedatives and Anxiolytics With Other Major Uses - Answer (click here)
  6. Older Sedative–Hypnotic and Anxiolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
  7. Nonprescription Drugs - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Neurodegenerative Disorders

  1. Parkinson’s Disease - Answer (click here)
  2. Therapy of Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
  3. Alzheimer’s Disease - Answer (click here)

Antiepileptic Drugs

  1. Antiepileptic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  2. Clinically Useful Drugs - Answer (click here)
  3. Sodium Channel Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
  4. Drugs That Primarily Enhance the Action of GABA - Answer (click here)
  5. Agents That Block T-Calcium Channels - Answer (click here)
  6. Agents Whose Mechanism of Action Is Not Known - Answer (click here)
  7. Anticonvulsant Drugs and Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
  8. Treatment of Febrile Seizures - Answer (click here)
  9. Treatment of Status Epilepticus - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Mood Disorders

  1. Treatment of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
  2. Treatment of Major Depression: The Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  3. Treatment of Major Depression: Miscellaneous Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
  4. Treatment of Major Depression: Tricyclic Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
  5. Treatment of Major Depression: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  6. Treatment of Manic-Depressive Illness - Answer (click here)

Antipsychotic Drugs

  1. The Disease of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
  2. Antipsychotic Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
  3. Antipsychotic Drugs: Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
  4. Antipsychotic Drugs: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
  5. Antipsychotic Drugs: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
  6. Antipsychotic Drugs: Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)

Contemporary Drug Abuse

  1. Contemporary Drug Abuse - Answer (click here)
  2. Opioids - Answer (click here)
  3. Stimulants - Answer (click here)
  4. Nicotine - Answer (click here)
  5. Sedative–Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
  6. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Ethanol - Answer (click here)
  7. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Marijuana - Answer (click here)
  8. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Hallucinogens - Answer (click here)
  9. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Inhalants - Answer (click here)
  10. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Designer Drugs - Answer (click here)
  11. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Anabolic Steroids - Answer (click here)

Antiinflammatory and Antirheumatic Drugs

  1. Antiinflammatory and Antirheumatic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  2. The Inflammatory Process - Answer (click here)
  3. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
  4. Specific Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
  5. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  6. Methotrexate - Answer (click here)
  7. Sulfasalazine - Answer (click here)
  8. Antimalarials - Answer (click here)
  9. Leflunomide - Answer (click here)
  10. TNF-α : Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  11. Interleukin-1 Antagonists - Answer (click here)
  12. Gold Compounds Drugs - Answer (click here)
  13. Other Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy - Answer (click here)
  14. New Approaches to the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Gout

  1. Drugs Used in Gout - Answer (click here)
  2. Chemistry of Uric Acid - Answer (click here)
  3. Renal Urate Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  4. Relationship of Uric Acid Levels to Gout - Answer (click here)
  5. Role of Phagocytosis in Acute Gouty Arthritis - Answer (click here)
  6. Principles of Gout Management - Answer (click here)
  7. Colchicine - Answer (click here)
  8. Uricosuric Agents - Answer (click here)

Histamine and Histamine Antagonists

  1. Histamine - Answer (click here)
  2. Histamine Antagonism and Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Asthma

  1. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
  2. Drugs Used in Asthma: Treatment Strategy - Answer (click here)
  3. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
  4. Adrenomimetic Agents - Answer (click here)
  5. Theophylline - Answer (click here)
  6. Anticholinergics - Answer (click here)
  7. Antiinflammatory Agents - Answer (click here)
  8. Alternative Therapies - Answer (click here)
  9. Status Asthmaticus - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Gastrointestinal Disorders

  1. Introduction to Normal Physiology - Answer (click here)
  2. Drugs That Increase GI Motility - Answer (click here)
  3. Drugs That Decrease GI Motility - Answer (click here)
  4. Pharmacological Modulation of Diarrhea - Answer (click here)
  5. Pharmacological Modulation of Vomiting - Answer (click here)
  6. Drugs that Decrease or Neutralize Gastric Acid Secretion - Answer (click here)
  7. Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Answer (click here)
  8. Miscellaneous GI Drugs - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Dermatological Disorders

  1. Skin Structure - Answer (click here)
  2. Percutaneous Absorption - Answer (click here)
  3. Practical Considerations in Topical Drug Therapy - Answer (click here)
  4. Topical Glucocorticosteroids - Answer (click here)
  5. Retinoids - Answer (click here)
  6. Photochemotherapy - Answer (click here)
  7. Photodynamic Therapy - Answer (click here)
  8. Aminolevulinic Acid - Answer (click here)
  9. Dapsone - Answer (click here)
  10. Thalidomide - Answer (click here)
  11. Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)
  12. Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)
  13. Drugs For Cutaneous Fungal Infections - Answer (click here)
  14. Drugs For Cutaneous Viral Infections - Answer (click here)
  15. Drugs Used To Treat Scabies and Lice - Answer (click here)
  16. Cytotoxic and Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
  17. Topical Immune-Modulating Agents - Answer (click here)
  18. Antihistamines - Answer (click here)
  19. Doxepin - Answer (click here)
  20. Drugs Used to Treat Disorders of Pigmentation - Answer (click here)
  21. Recombinant Proteins and Other Biologicals - Answer (click here)
  22. Miscellaneous Topical Agents - Answer (click here)
  23. Keratolytics - Answer (click here)
  24. Sunscreens - Answer (click here)

Drugs for the Control of Supragingival Plaque

  1. The Role of Supragingival Dental Plaque in the Initiation of Gingivitis - Answer (click here)
  2. Pharmacokinetics of the Oral Cavity - Answer (click here)
  3. Antiplaque Agents - Answer (click here)

Introduction to Chemotherapy

  1. Introduction to Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
  2. The Patient–Drug–Pathogen Interaction - Answer (click here)
  3. Managing Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

Synthetic Organic Antimicrobials Sulfonamides Trimethoprim Nitrofurans Quinolones Methenamine

  1. Sulfonamides - Answer (click here)
  2. Trimethoprim - Answer (click here)
  3. Quinolones: Nalidixic Acid and Fluoroquinolones - Answer (click here)
  4. Urinary Antiseptics - Answer (click here)

Lactam Antibiotics

  1. β-Lactam Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
  2. β-Lactam Antibiotics: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
  3. β-Lactam Antibiotics: Mechanisms of Resistance - Answer (click here)
  4. Penicillins - Answer (click here)
  5. Cephalosporins - Answer (click here)
  6. Carbapenems and Carbacephems - Answer (click here)
  7. Monobactams - Answer (click here)

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

  1. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
  2. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Mechanism of Antibacterial Action - Answer (click here)
  3. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Mechanism of Antibacterial Resistance - Answer (click here)
  4. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
  5. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
  6. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Single Daily Dosing - Answer (click here)
  7. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Toxicity - Answer (click here)

Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Macrolides and Lincosamides

  1. Tetracyclines - Answer (click here)
  2. Chloramphenicol - Answer (click here)
  3. Macrolide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
  4. Lincosamides - Answer (click here)

Bacitracin Glycopeptide Antibiotics and the Polymyxins

  1. Bacitracin - Answer (click here)
  2. Glycopeptides: Vancomycin and Teicoplanin - Answer (click here)
  3. The Polymyxins - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Tuberculosis and Leprosy

  1. Key Concepts in the Treatment of Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
  2. First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs - Answer (click here)
  3. Second-Line Antituberculous Drugs - Answer (click here)
  4. Recommendation for the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection - Answer (click here)
  5. Recommendations for Treatment of Active Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
  6. Treatment of Leprosy - Answer (click here)

Antiviral Drugs

  1. Viral Infection and Disease - Answer (click here)
  2. Antiherpesvirus Agents - Answer (click here)
  3. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Acyclovir and Valacyclovir - Answer (click here)
  4. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Cidofovir - Answer (click here)
  5. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Docosanol - Answer (click here)
  6. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Famciclovir and Penciclovir - Answer (click here)
  7. Fomivirsen - Answer (click here)
  8. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Foscarnet - Answer (click here)
  9. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir - Answer (click here)
  10. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Idoxuridine - Answer (click here)
  11. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Trifluridine - Answer (click here)
  12. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Vidarabine - Answer (click here)
  13. Antiinfluenza Agents - Answer (click here)
  14. Antiinfluenza Agents: Amantadine and Rimantadine - Answer (click here)
  15. Antiinfluenza Agents: Oseltamivir - Answer (click here)
  16. Antiinfluenza Agents: Zanamivir - Answer (click here)
  17. Antiviral Agents: Immune Globulin - Answer (click here)
  18. Antiviral Agents: Interferons - Answer (click here)
  19. Antiviral Agents: Ribavirin - Answer (click here)
  20. Antiviral Agents: Lamivudine - Answer (click here)
  21. Antiviral Agents: Palivizumab - Answer (click here)

Therapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

  1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Answer (click here)
  2. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
  3. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  4. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  5. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  6. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Protease Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
  7. The Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Antifungal Drugs

  1. Antifungal Drugs - Answer (click here)
  2. Amphotericin B - Answer (click here)
  3. Nystatin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  4. The Azoles Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  5. Fluconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  6. Itraconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  7. Ketoconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  8. Miconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  9. Clotrimazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  10. Voriconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  11. Flucytosine Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  12. Capsofungin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  13. Allylamines Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  14. Griseofulvin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
  15. Miscellaneous Topical Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)

Antiprotozoal Drugs

  1. Protozoal Diseases - Answer (click here)
  2. Antiprotozoal Drug: Metronidazole - Answer (click here)
  3. Antiprotozoal Drug: Iodoquinol - Answer (click here)
  4. Antiprotozoal Drug: Diloxanide Furoate - Answer (click here)
  5. Antiprotozoal Drug: Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
  6. Antiprotozoal Drug: Pentamidine - Answer (click here)
  7. Antiprotozoal Drug: Suramin - Answer (click here)
  8. Antiprotozoal Drug: Eflornithine - Answer (click here)
  9. Antiprotozoal Drug: Arsenicals - Answer (click here)
  10. Antiprotozoal Drug: Nifurtimox - Answer (click here)
  11. Antiprotozoal Drug: Antimonials - Answer (click here)
  12. Malaria - Answer (click here)
  13. Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)
  14. Antimalarial Drugs In Development - Answer (click here)
  15. Selection of Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)

Anthelmintic Drugs

  1. Anthelmintic Drugs - Answer (click here)
  2. Treatment for Infections Caused by Nematodes - Answer (click here)
  3. Benzimidazoles - Answer (click here)
  4. Treatment for Infections Caused by Cestodes - Answer (click here)
  5. Treatment for Infections Caused by Trematodes - Answer (click here)

The Rational Basis for Cancer Chemotherapy

  1. Concepts in Tumor Cell Biology - Answer (click here)
  2. Drugs and the Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
  3. Tumor Growth and Growth Fraction - Answer (click here)
  4. The Log Cell Kill Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
  5. Cancer Chemotherapy: Drug Resistance - Answer (click here)
  6. Cancer Therapy and the Immune System - Answer (click here)
  7. General Toxicological Properties of Anticancer Drugs - Answer (click here)
  8. Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
  9. Combination Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

Antineoplastic Agents

  1. Alkylating Agents - Answer (click here)
  2. Alkylating Agents: Nitrogen Mustards - Answer (click here)
  3. Alkylating Agents: Nitrosoureas - Answer (click here)
  4. Alkylating Agents: Alkyl Sulfonates - Answer (click here)
  5. Alkylating Agents: Ethylenimines - Answer (click here)
  6. Alkylating Agents: Triazenes - Answer (click here)
  7. Antimetabolites: Folate Antagonists - Answer (click here)
  8. Antimetabolites: Purine Analogues - Answer (click here)
  9. Antimetabolites: Pyrimidine Analogues - Answer (click here)
  10. Antineoplastic Agents: Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
  11. Antineoplastic Agents: Plant-Derived Products - Answer (click here)
  12. Antineoplastic Agents: Enzymes - Answer (click here)
  13. Antineoplastic Agents: Hormone Derivatives - Answer (click here)
  14. Antineoplastic Agents: Miscellaneous Agents - Answer (click here)
  15. Immunomodulating Agents - Answer (click here)
  16. Cellular Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
  17. New Drug Therapies for Cancer - Answer (click here)

Immunomodulating Drugs

  1. Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
  2. Organ Transplantation - Answer (click here)
  3. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
  4. General Principles of Immunosuppressive Therapy - Answer (click here)
  5. Individual Drugs Used to Suppress the Immune System - Answer (click here)
  6. Individual Drugs Used to Stimulate the Immune System - Answer (click here)

Gene Therapy

  1. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
  2. Gene Therapy: Definition and Goals - Answer (click here)
  3. Antisense - Answer (click here)
  4. Gene Excision and Replacement - Answer (click here)
  5. Gene Addition - Answer (click here)
  6. Gene Therapy: Delivery Systems - Answer (click here)
  7. Disease Application and Future Directions - Answer (click here)

Hypothalamic and Pituitary Gland Hormones

  1. Anterior Pituitary Hormones - Answer (click here)
  2. Hypothalamic Regulatory Hormones - Answer (click here)
  3. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)

Adrenocortical Hormones and Drugs Affecting the Adrenal Cortex

  1. Steroid Physiology - Answer (click here)
  2. Actions of the Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
  3. General Pharmacology of Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
  4. Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
  5. Therapeutic Uses of Steroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
  6. Proposed Mechanism of Steroid Action - Answer (click here)
  7. Drugs Used in the Diagnosis or Treatment of Adrenocortical Abnormalities - Answer (click here)

Estrogens Progestins and Specific Estrogen Receptor Modulators SERMs

  1. Natural Estrogens and Progestins - Answer (click here)
  2. Natural Estrogens and Progestins: Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
  3. Actions of Estrogens and Progestins in Females - Answer (click here)
  4. Synthetic Agents Acting Via Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors - Answer (click here)
  5. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) - Answer (click here)
  6. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
  7. Cancer - Answer (click here)
  8. Other clinical uses of estrogens and progestins - Answer (click here)
  9. Estrogens, Progestins: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
  10. Contraindications and Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)

Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants

  1. Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants - Answer (click here)
  2. Uterine Stimulants - Answer (click here)
  3. Uterine Relaxants - Answer (click here)

Androgens Antiandrogens and Anabolic Steroids

  1. Characterization of Plasma Androgens - Answer (click here)
  2. Sex Hormone–Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
  3. Steroidogenesis - Answer (click here)
  4. Regulation of Plasma Testosterone - Answer (click here)
  5. Androgen: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
  6. Androgens: Pharmacological Actions - Answer (click here)
  7. Androgens: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
  8. Androgens: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
  9. Androgens: Antiandrogens - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction

  1. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
  2. Physiology of Penile Erection - Answer (click here)
  3. Individual Agents - Answer (click here)

Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs

  1. Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs - Answer (click here)
  2. Biosynthesis, Storage, Secretion, and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
  3. Mechanisms of Action of Thyroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
  4. Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
  5. Hypothyroid States - Answer (click here)
  6. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
  7. Adverse Effects of Treatment With Thyroid Hormone - Answer (click here)
  8. Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs: Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
  9. Thyrotoxicosis - Answer (click here)
  10. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)

Parathyroid Hormone Calcitonin Vitamin D

  1. Calcium Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  2. Parathyroid Hormone - Answer (click here)
  3. Calcitonin - Answer (click here)
  4. Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) - Answer (click here)
  5. Bisphosphonates - Answer (click here)
  6. Clinical Uses of Parathyroid Hormone - Answer (click here)
  7. Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Vitamin D: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)

Insulin and Oral Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus

  1. Glucose Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
  2. Insulin - Answer (click here)
  3. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
  4. Metabolic Disturbances and Complications of the Diabetic State - Answer (click here)
  5. Clinical Management of Diabetes - Answer (click here)
  6. Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
  7. Sulfonylureas - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
  8. Meglitinides - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
  9. Biguanides - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
  10. Thiazolidinediones - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
  11. α-Glucosidase Inhibitors - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)

Vitamins

  1. Dietary Reference Standards - Answer (click here)
  2. Vitamins Deficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
  3. Vitamin Toxicity - Answer (click here)
  4. Physiological Function and Dietary Sources - Vitamins - Answer (click here)
  5. Vitamins: Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
  6. Vitamin–Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
  7. Anemia - Answer (click here)

Herbal Medicine

  1. Herbal Medicine - Answer (click here)
  2. Herbal Medicine Traditions - Answer (click here)
  3. Herbal Medicine: Potential Concerns - Answer (click here)
  4. Herbal Medicine: Regulatory Issues - Answer (click here)
  5. Herbal Preparations: Echinacea - Answer (click here)
  6. Herbal Preparations: Feverfew - Answer (click here)
  7. Herbal Preparations: Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract - Answer (click here)
  8. Herbal Preparations: Ginseng - Answer (click here)
  9. Herbal Preparations: Kava - Answer (click here)
  10. Herbal Preparations: Milk Thistle - Answer (click here)
  11. Herbal Preparations: Saw Palmetto - Answer (click here)
  12. Herbal Preparations: St. John’s Wort - Answer (click here)
  13. Herbal Preparations: Soy and Other Phytoestrogens - Answer (click here)
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