Biotechnology(M.Sc, B.Sc) 
Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Importants questions answers

Biotechnology - (Click Here) 
Biology - (Click Here) 
Basic Concept of Biotechnology - (Click Here) 
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications - (Click Here) 
Biotechnology Applying the Genetic Revolution - (Click Here) 
Environmental Biotechnology - (Click Here) 
Genetics and Molecular Biology - (Click Here) 
Essential Clinical Immunology - (Click Here) 
Essential Microbiology - (Click Here) 
Microbiology - (Click Here) 
Microbiology and Immunology - (Click Here) 
Medical Microbiology - (Click Here) 


Subject : Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA Technology

1. Tools of rDNA technology - Answer (click here)
2. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) - Answer (click here)
3. Vectors: Vehicles for cloning - Answer (click here)
4. Plasmids - Answer (click here)
5. Vectors based on bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
6. Making rDNA - Answer (click here)
7. Introduction of rDNA into host cells - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
8. Identification of Recombinants - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
9. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Answer (click here)
10. Hybridisation Techniques - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
11. DNA Library - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
13. Site-directed Mutagenesis - Answer (click here)

Protein Structure And Engineering

1. Introduction to the World of Proteins - Answer (click here)
2. 3-D Shape of Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Structure-Function relationship in Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. Chymotrypsin, a proteolytic enzyme - Answer (click here)
5. Molecular Disease- Sickle cell anaemia - Answer (click here)
6. Protein Finger printing- Peptide Mapping - Answer (click here)
7. 2-D Gel Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
8. Purification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
9. Characterisation of Proteins - Answer (click here)
10. Protein Based Products - Answer (click here)
11. Designing Proteins (Protein Engineering) - Answer (click here)

Genomics and Bioinformatics

1. Genomics and Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
2. Genome Sequencing Projects - Answer (click here)
3. Gene prediction and counting - Answer (click here)
4. Genome Similarity, SNPs and Comparative Genomics - Answer (click here)
5. Functional Genomics - Answer (click here)
6. Fluorescence in situ hybridization - Answer (click here)
7. Microarray Technology - Answer (click here)
8. Proteomics and Types of Proteomics - Answer (click here)
9. History of Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
10. Sequences and nomenclature - Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
11. Different types of sequences - Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
12. Information Sources - Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
13. Analysis using Bioinformatics tools - Answer (click here)

Microbial Cell Culture and its Applications

1. Microbial Cell Culture and its Applications - Answer (click here)
2. Microbial culture techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Measurement and kinetics of microbial growth - Answer (click here)
4. Scale-up of microbial processes - Answer (click here)
5. Isolation of microbial products - Answer (click here)
6. Strain isolation, improvement and preservation - Answer (click here)
7. Applications of microbial culture technology - Answer (click here)
8. Biosafety issues in Microbial Technology - Answer (click here)

Plant Cell Culture and Applications

1. Plant Cell Culture and Applications - Answer (click here)
2. Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Applications of Cell and Tissue Culture - Answer (click here)
4. Gene transfer methods in plants - Answer (click here)
5. Transgenic plants with beneficial traits - Answer (click here)
6. Biotic and Abiotic stress tolerance - Answer (click here)
7. Biosafety in Plant Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)

Animal Cell Culture and Applications

1. Animal Cell Culture and Applications - Answer (click here)
2. Animal Cell Culture Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Characterization of Cell Lines - Answer (click here)
4. Methods of Gene Delivery into Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Scale-up of Animal Culture Process - Answer (click here)
6. Applications of Animal Cell culture - Answer (click here)
7. Stem Cell Technology - Answer (click here)
8. Tissue engineering - Answer (click here)

Subject : Biology

Introduction to Biology

1. Introduction to Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Principal Branches of Biology - Answer (click here)
3. Great scientists in Biology - Answer (click here)
4. Characteristics of Plants and Animals - Answer (click here)
5. Role of Biology in Social, Economic and Environmental Development - Answer (click here)
6. Nature and Origin of Life - Answer (click here)

Structure and Nature of Living Cell

1. Structure and Nature of Living Cell - Answer (click here)
2. Plasma membrane or Cell membrane: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click here)
3. Cytoplasm: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleus: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Functions of Chloroplast - Answer (click here)
6. Structure and Functions of Golgi bodies/Golgi apparatus - Answer (click here)

Cell Division

1. Types of cell division - Answer (click here)
2. Stages of Mitosis - Answer (click here)
3. Significance of Mitosis - Answer (click here)
4. Abnormal cell division - Answer (click here)
5. Male-Female determining chromosome - Answer (click here)

Division of Labour In Multicellular Plants

1. Types of Tissue - Answer (click here)
2. Characrteristics of Meristamatic tissues - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics of Permanent tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Types of permanent tissue - Answer (click here)
5. Laticiferous tissues and Glandular tissues - Answer (click here)
6. Tissue System and types of Tissue System - Answer (click here)
7. Types of Simple permanent tissue and its Functions - Answer (click here)
8. Types of Complex permanent tissue and its Functions - Answer (click here)

Animal Tissue Organ and Organ System

1. Animal Tissue, Organ and Organ System - Answer (click here)
2. Differences between Tissue and Cell - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Tissues - Answer (click here)
4. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of Epithelial Tissue - Answer (click here)
5. Structural Characteristics, Functions and Location of Connective Tissue - Answer (click here)
6. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of The Muscular Tissue - Answer (click here)
7. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of The Nerve Tissue - Answer (click here)
8. Necessary Organs of Human Body - Answer (click here)
9. Co-ordination between Organs and Systems to keep the body fit - Answer (click here)

Classification of Plants

1. Classification of Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Unit of Plants classification and Taxa - Answer (click here)
3. Virus - Answer (click here)
4. Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Algae - Answer (click here)
6. Fungi: Structure and Reproduction - Answer (click here)
7. Bryophyta: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
8. Pteridophyta: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
9. Gymnosperm: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
10. Monocotyledonous or Monocot plants:: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
11. Dicotyledonous or Dicot Plants: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)

Animal Diversity and Classification

1. Animal Diversiy - Answer (click here)
2. Short Description of Diversification or Bio-Diversity - Answer (click here)
3. Animal Taxonomy - Answer (click here)
4. Necessity of Animal Classification - Answer (click here)
5. Rules for Modern or Natural Classification in Animal Diversity - Answer (click here)
6. Plylum - Sarcomastigophorea Kingdom - Protista - Answer (click here)
7. Phylum - Cnidaria - Answer (click here)
8. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here)
9. Phylum Nematoda - Answer (click here)
10. Plylum Annelida - Answer (click here)
11. Phylum Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
12. Phylum Mollusca - Answer (click here)
13. Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here)
14. Phylum chordata - Answer (click here)

Structural Organization and Acquaintance of Animals

1. Amoeba: Habit and Habitat - Answer (click here)
2. Body structure of Amoeba and its functions - Answer (click here)
3. Amoeba Locomotion - Answer (click here)
4. Amoeba: Process of intake of food or Nutrition - Answer (click here)
5. Amoeba: Digestion, Absorption and Egestion - Answer (click here)
6. Amoeba: Respiration, Excretion - Answer (click here)
7. Reproduction of Amoeba: Binary fission and Sporulation - Answer (click here)
8. Round Worm: External morphology and Habitat - Answer (click here)
9. Round Worm: Digestive system - Answer (click here)
10. Round Worm: Parasite and its Characteristics - Answer (click here)
11. Round Worm: Excretory System - Answer (click here)
12. Round Worm: Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
13. Round Worm: Ascariasis disease and its symptoms, Prevention - Answer (click here)
14. Toad: Habit, Habitat - Answer (click here)
15. External morphology of Toad - Answer (click here)
16. Skeletal system of Toad - Answer (click here)
17. Toad: Axial skeleton and its functions - Answer (click here)
18. Toad: Vertebral column and its functions - Answer (click here)
19. Toad: Appendicular skeleton(Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle) and its functions - Answer (click here)
20. Toad: Digestive system - Answer (click here)
21. Toad: Nutrition and Digestion - Answer (click here)
22. Toad: Circulatory system - Answer (click here)
23. Toad: Blood(Plasma and Blood corpuscles) - Answer (click here)
24. Toad: Heart - Answer (click here)
25. Toad: Blood vessels(Artery, Vein and Capillary) - Answer (click here)
26. Toad: Venous system - Answer (click here)
27. Toad: Respiratory system - Answer (click here)
28. Toad: Glucose oxidation and energy production, Glycolysis and Kreb's cycle - Answer (click here)
29. Toad: Nervous system - Answer (click here)
30. Toad: Structure of brain - Answer (click here)
31. Toad: Cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
32. Toad: Excretory system - Answer (click here)
33. Toad: Reproductives system - Answer (click here)

Physiological Activities in Plants Nutrition

1. Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Elements - Answer (click here)
2. Imbibition - Answer (click here)
3. Osmosis: Two types, Condition, Experiment, Absorption - Answer (click here)
4. Ascent of Sap - Answer (click here)
5. Transpiration and Types of Transpiration - Answer (click here)
6. Stomata: Process of Stomatal Tranpiration and Factors affecting - Answer (click here)
7. Photosynthesis: Process, Organ, Factors Affecting, Importance - Answer (click here)
8. Importance of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
9. Some Experiments on Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Experiment to demonstrate that Oxygen is evolved during Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Experiment to show that photosynthesis do not occur without chlorophyll - Answer (click here)
12. Experiment to show that light is essential for Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
13. Experiment to show that photosynthesis cannot occur without CO2 - Answer (click here)
14. Evolution of O2 during photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Respiration: Respiratory substrate, Types of respiration - Answer (click here)
16. Importance of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration - Answer (click here)
17. Factors Affecting Respiration - Answer (click here)
18. Experiment to prove that Heat is evolved during Respiration - Answer (click here)
19. Experiment of Anaerobic Respiration - Answer (click here)
20. Growth and Development of Plant - Answer (click here)
21. Tropism - Answer (click here)
22. Effect of Light and Temperature on Plant Growth and Yield - Answer (click here)
23. Importance of photoperiodism and Vernalization - Answer (click here)

Flower

1. Different Parts of a Flower(Datura Flower) - Answer (click here)
2. Different kinds of Flower - Answer (click here)

Pollination Fertilization And Dispersal of Fruits and seeds

1. Pollination: Two types, Significance, Merits, Demerits - Answer (click here)
2. Pollinating Agents: Types and Characteristics - Answer (click here)
3. Fertilization in Plant - Answer (click here)
4. Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds - Answer (click here)

Reproduction of Plants

1. Reproduction of Plants and itsTypes - Answer (click here)

Organism and Environment

1. Organism and Environment - Answer (click here)
2. Components of Ecology - Answer (click here)
3. Food chain - Answer (click here)
4. Food web - Answer (click here)
5. Nutrient flow in Eco system - Answer (click here)
6. Energy flow in Ecosystem - Answer (click here)
7. Major Eco systems - Answer (click here)
8. Responsibility of man in maintaining balance of an environment - Answer (click here)

Pollution and Conservation of Environment

1. Pollution and Conservation of Environment - Answer (click here)
2. Green House Effect - Answer (click here)
3. Role of Human beings in conservation of Environment - Answer (click here)
4. Effect of Urbanization and Industrialisation on Environment - Answer (click here)
5. Industrialisation is mainly of two types - Answer (click here)

Natural Diversities of Bangladesh Distribution of Plants and Animals

1. Natural Diversities of Bangladesh-Distribution of Plants and Animals - Answer (click here)
2. Recent flood plain - Answer (click here)
3. Haor and other Marshy lands - Answer (click here)
4. Pleistocene uplands - Answer (click here)
5. Tertiary hilly region - Answer (click here)
6. Coastal Forest or Mangrove forest - Answer (click here)
7. Saint Martin's Island - Answer (click here)

Economic Biology Botany

1. Food producing plants - Answer (click here)
2. Cloth producing plants - Answer (click here)
3. Plants used for house building purposes - Answer (click here)
4. Medicinal Plants - Answer (click here)
5. Beverage yielding plants - Answer (click here)

Economic Biology

1. Prawn Culture: Economic importance and Kinds of prawn - Answer (click here)
2. Method of culture of fresh water prawn or Galda prawn - Answer (click here)
3. Method of culture of saline water prawn or Bagda prawn - Answer (click here)
4. Introduction of fishes - Answer (click here)
5. Importance of fish cultivation - Answer (click here)
6. Method of fish culture - Answer (click here)
7. Culture of silk worms or sericulture - Answer (click here)
8. Characteristics of silk fibers and economic importance of silk worms - Answer (click here)
9. Life cycle and silk cultivation - Answer (click here)
10. Bee keeping: Castes, life cycle, economic importance, artificial bee culture - Answer (click here)
11. Castes(various types) of bees - Answer (click here)
12. Life cycle of bees - Answer (click here)
13. Some harmful insects or pests of paddy and jute - Answer (click here)

Practical Botany

1. Microscope: Structure, Uses, Functioning Processes of Simple , Compound Microscope - Answer (click here)
2. Study of the Structure of a Flowering Plant - Answer (click here)
3. Study of the Structure of Plant and Animal Cells - Answer (click here)
4. Study of the Stages of Mitosis from Permanent Slides - Answer (click here)
5. Study of Distribution of Tissue System in Dicot Stem - Answer (click here)
6. Study of the Structural Features of Different Plant Groups - Answer (click here)
7. Experiment to Demonstrate the Process of Osmosis with the help of Raisin - Answer (click here)
8. Demonstration of cell-to-cell osmosis by Potato Osmoscope - Answer (click here)
9. Demonstration of Ascent of sap from root to stem and leaves with the help of Peperomia plant - Answer (click here)
10. Experiment to show that Light is essential for Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Experiment to prove that Heat is evolved during Respiration - Answer (click here)
12. Experiment to show the germination of pollen grains to form pollen tube - Answer (click here)
13. Experiment to show that CO2 is evolved during respiration - Answer (click here)

Practical Zoology

1. Earthworm: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Prawn: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
3. Grasshopper: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
4. Toad: External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection, Skeleton - Answer (click here)
5. Digestive system of Toad - Answer (click here)
6. Skeleton of toad - Answer (click here)
7. Channa punctatus (Lata/Taki Fish): External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
8. Examples of Animals taken from each of the major Phyla, their identifying Characters, Observations and Figures - Answer (click here)

Subject : Basic Concept of Biotechnology

Biomolecules

1. Biomolecules - Answer (click here)
2. Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of Monosaccharide’s - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of Di Saccharides and Polysaccharides - Answer (click here)
6. Importance of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
7. Rare sugars - Answer (click here)
8. Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
9. Structure of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
10. Watson and Crick’s double helix structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
11. Tautomerism - Answer (click here)
12. Nucleosides and nucleotides - Answer (click here)
13. Proteins - Biomolecules - Answer (click here)
14. Amino Acids and Classification of Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
15. Non-proteinogenic amino acids and its role - Answer (click here)
16. Classification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
17. Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
18. Biological Importance of Proteins - Answer (click here)
19. Lipids and Classification of Lipids - Answer (click here)
20. Structure of lipids - Answer (click here)
21. Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
22. Triacylglycerols - Answer (click here)
23. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
24. Sterols and sterol esters - Answer (click here)

Computer Applications and Biostatistics

1. Computer Applications and Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
2. Information and computer technology - Answer (click here)
3. Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
4. Types of Data - Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
5. Measures of Central Tendencies - Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
6. Types of Distribution - Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
7. Applications of Standard Error of Mean - Answer (click here)
8. Confidence Interval (CI) - Answer (click here)
9. Null Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
10. Level of Significance - Answer (click here)
11. Outliers - Answer (click here)
12. One tailed and two tailed Test - Answer (click here)
13. Importance of Sample Size Determination - Answer (click here)
14. Factors Influencing Sample Size Include - Answer (click here)
15. Sample Size Determination and Variance Estimate - Answer (click here)
16. How to Choose an Appropriate Statistical Test - Answer (click here)
17. Non-parametric tests used for analysis of different types of data - Answer (click here)
18. Common problems faced by researcher in any trial and how to address them - Answer (click here)
19. Biological data and its diversity - Answer (click here)
20. Application of computer and statistics in biology - Answer (click here)

Macromolecules and Analytical Techniques

1. Macromolecules and Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
2. Macromolecules - Answer (click here)
3. Centrifugation - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
4. Chromatography: Types, Principle, Application - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
5. Electrophoresis - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
6. Spectroscopy - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
7. UV Visible spectroscopy - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
8. Infra Red Spectropscopy (IR spectroscopy) - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
9. Fluorometry - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
10. Mass Spectrometry - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
11. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)

Plant Molecular Farming A Promising Stratergy in Biotechnology

1. Plant Molecular Farming: A Promising Stratergy in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Plants as Expression Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Biomolecules and recent examples - Answer (click here)
4. Plant made pharmaceuticals (PMPs) - Answer (click here)
5. Plant made nutritional compounds (PMNs) - Answer (click here)
6. Plant made vaccines (PMVs) - Answer (click here)
7. Plant made plastics (PMPs) - Answer (click here)
8. Plant made industrial compounds (PMIs) - Answer (click here)
9. The plant endomembrane system - Answer (click here)
10. Subcellular Targeting of proteins in plants - Answer (click here)
11. Different plant species as platform for molecular farming - Answer (click here)
12. Plant Transformation - Answer (click here)
13. Optimization of transgene expression in host plant - Answer (click here)
14. Downstream processing of recombinant proteins - Answer (click here)
15. Use of affinity tags for purification - Answer (click here)
16. Use of non-chromatographic methods - Answer (click here)
17. Biosafety and regulatory issues - Answer (click here)

Plant Transgenics Genetic Engineering Approch to Devlop Biotic Stress Resistance Plants

1. Plant Transgenics: Genetic Engineering Approch to Devlop Biotic Stress Resistance Plants - Answer (click here)
2. The Power of Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Strategies for Competitiveness - Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
4. Tools of Genetic Engineering in Plants - Answer (click here)
5. DNA Delivery Systems - Plant Transgenics - Answer (click here)
6. The Selection and Analysis of Transformants - Plant Transgenics - Answer (click here)
7. Modification of regulatory elements of marker genes - Plant Transgenics - Answer (click here)
8. More ‘Friendly’ Selectable Markers: the Positive Selection Method - Plant Transgenics - Answer (click here)
9. Biotic Stress - Answer (click here)
10. Virus Resistance - Answer (click here)
11. RNAi Technology - Answer (click here)
12. Fungal Resistance - Answer (click here)
13. Bacterial Resistance - Answer (click here)
14. Nematode Resistance - Answer (click here)

Animal Biotechnology

1. Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Culture - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Criteria for Subculture - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
4. Culture Conditions and Mammalian Cell - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
5. Aseptic Techniques - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
6. Cryopreservation Medium - Answer (click here)
7. Protocol for Cryopreserving Cultured Cells - Answer (click here)
8. Protocol for Thawing Frozen Cells - Answer (click here)
9. Biological Contamination - Answer (click here)
10. Protocol for Microbial Decontamination - Answer (click here)
11. Protocol for Treating Mycoplasma contaminated Cell Cultures with BM Cyclin - Answer (click here)
12. Cell Viability (quantitation and cytotoxicity) - Answer (click here)
13. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Cell Viability Assay - Answer (click here)
14. Cell Viability Assays that Measure ATP and Metabolic Capacity - Answer (click here)
15. Cytotoxicity Assays: Determining the Number of Live and Dead Cells - Answer (click here)
16. Trypan Blue - Answer (click here)
17. Concentrating Cells - Answer (click here)
18. Cell Proliferation - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
19. Cell Cycle - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
20. Cytotoxicity - Answer (click here)
21. Applications of cell culture - Answer (click here)
22. What are stem cells, and why are they important? - Answer (click here)
23. What are the unique properties of all stem cells? - Answer (click here)
24. Embryonic stem cells grown in the laboratory - Answer (click here)
25. Similarities and Differences between Embryonic and Adult stem cells - Answer (click here)
26. Potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles - Answer (click here)
27. Genetic manipulation of animals (animal models in research) - Answer (click here)
28. Animal Breeding and Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
29. Methods of genetic manipulation in animals - Answer (click here)
30. A brief history of cloning - Answer (click here)
31. Cloning - Answer (click here)
32. Use of Animals in Research - Answer (click here)
33. Improving Agricultural Products with Transgenics - Answer (click here)
34. Genetically Engineered Insulin - Answer (click here)
35. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
36. Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
37. Economic impact in developing countries - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
38. Ethical Issues(biosafety and regulatory issues) - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)

Medical Biotechnology

1. Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. History of Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Human Genome Project and its influence on medical biotechnology - Answer (click here)
4. Detecting Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
5. Biotech in the Hospital - Answer (click here)
6. Role of biotechnology in diagnostics and Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
7. Role of biotechnology in developing vaccines - Answer (click here)
8. Treatments developed with the aid of biotechnology - Answer (click here)
9. Other Applications of Biotechnology in Medical field - Answer (click here)
10. Designer Babies - Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
11. New Biotech Breakthroughs about to change Medicine - Answer (click here)

Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology

1. Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Tools in the Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Measurement of Volume - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
4. Measurement of Weight - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
5. Measurement of pH - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
6. Measurement of light - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
7. Solution Preparation - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
8. Microbiological techniques - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
9. Preparation of biological samples for analysis - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
10. Separation of macromolecules - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
11. Manipulation of Nucleic Acids - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
12. Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
13. Isolation of Nucleic Acid (DNA) - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
14. Plasmid Isolation - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
15. RNA Isolation and mRNA Purification - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
16. Gene Isolation - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
17. Molecular Mapping - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
18. Genomic DNA Library Construction - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
19. Transformation Techniques - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
20. Direct Gene Transformation - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
21. Labeling Methods - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
22. Southern Blotting Technique - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
23. In Situ Hybridization (ISH) - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
24. Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
25. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
26. DNA Sequencing Techniques - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
27. Microarray - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
28. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)

Antibiotics Microbial Sources Production and Optimization

1. Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
2. Antibacterial agents - Answer (click here)
3. Actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
4. Marine actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
5. Streptomyces - Answer (click here)
6. Identification of actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
7. Metabolite production by marine Streptomyces - Answer (click here)
8. Antagonistic marine actinomycetes in Indian peninsula - Answer (click here)
9. Optimization of fermentation conditions - Answer (click here)

Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences

1. History of Forensic Genetic Typing - Answer (click here)
2. Introduction - Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences - Answer (click here)
3. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) - Answer (click here)
4. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AMP-FLP) - Answer (click here)
5. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences - Answer (click here)
6. Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) - Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences - Answer (click here)
7. Y-Short Tandem Repeats - Answer (click here)
8. X-chromosomal short tandem repeats (ChrX STRs) - Answer (click here)
9. mtDNA in forensic science - Answer (click here)
10. Microbial Forensics - Answer (click here)
11. Non-human DNA Forensics - Answer (click here)

Subject : Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications

Molecular Biotechnology

1. Molecular Biotechnology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. The Cells: Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell - Answer (click here)
3. Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
4. DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
5. Gene Transcription - Answer (click here)
6. Gene Translation - Answer (click here)
7. Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
8. DNA Transfer - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
9. DNA Sources - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
10. Production by Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
11. DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
12. Genome Sequencing - Answer (click here)
13. DNA Hybridization - Answer (click here)
14. PCR Technology - Answer (click here)
15. Cell Cultures: Cultivation of Microbes, Animal and Plant Cell Cultures - Answer (click here)

Biophysical and Biochemical Analysis of Recombinant Proteins

1. Biophysical and Biochemical Analysis of Recombinant Proteins - Answer (click here)
2. Protein Structure: Primary Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Protein Structure: Secondary Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Protein Structure: Tertiary Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Protein Structure: Forces - Answer (click here)
6. Protein Structure: Hydration - Answer (click here)
7. Protein Folding - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Stability - Answer (click here)
9. Blotting Techniques - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
10. Immunoassays ELISA - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
11. Electrophoresis - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
12. Chromatography - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
13. Bioassays - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
14. Mass Spectrometry - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)

Production and Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds

1. Production and Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
2. Expression Systems - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
3. Cultivation Systems - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
4. Cultivation Medium - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
5. Contaminants - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
6. Cellular DNA - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
7. Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
8. Filtration/Centrifugation - Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
9. Precipitation - Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
10. Chromatography - Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
11. Issues to Consider in Production And purification of Proteins - Answer (click here)

Formulation of Biotech Products Including Biopharmaceutical Considerations

1. Microbiological Considerations - Answer (click here)
2. Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
3. Solubility Enhancers - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
4. Anti Adsorption and Anti Aggregation Agents - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
5. Buffer Components - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
6. Preservatives and Antioxidants - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
7. Osmotic Agents - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
8. Shelf Life of Protein Based Pharmaceuticals - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
9. Freeze Drying of Proteins - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
10. Freezing - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
11. Primary Drying - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
12. Secondary Drying - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
13. Delivery of Proteins: Routes of Administration and Absorption Enhancement - Answer (click here)
14. Delivery of Proteins: By The Parenteral Route - Answer (click here)
15. Delivery of Proteins: Approaches For Rate Controlled Delivery - Answer (click here)
16. Delivery of Proteins: Site Specific Delivery (Targeting) of Protein Drugs - Answer (click here)
17. Anatomical, Physiological, and Pathological Considerations Relevant for Protein Targeting - Answer (click here)
18. Soluble Carrier Systems for Targeted Delivery of Proteins - Answer (click here)
19. Potential Pitfalls in Tumor Targeting - Answer (click here)
20. Colloidal Particulate Carrier Systems for TargetedDelivery of Proteins: Nanotechnology at Work - Answer (click here)
21. Perspectives for Targeted Protein Delivery - Answer (click here)

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Peptide and Protein Drugs

1. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Peptide and Protein Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
3. Absorption of Protein Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
4. Distribution of Protein Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
5. Elimination of Protein Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
6. Target Mediated Drug Disposition - Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
7. Immunogenicity and Protein Pharmacokinetics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
8. Species Specificity and Allometric Scaling - Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
9. Chemical Modifications for Optimizing the Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
11. Direct Link PK/PD Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
12. Indirect Link PK/PD Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
13. Indirect Response PK/PD Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
14. Cell Life Span Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
15. Complex Response Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)

Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins

1. Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins - Answer (click here)
2. The New Paradigm - Answer (click here)
3. The Immunological Response - Answer (click here)
4. Factors Influencing Antibody Formation Totherapeutic Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Assays for Antibodies - Answer (click here)
6. Issues Specifically Related Tomonoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Effects of Induced Antibodies - Answer (click here)
8. Predicting and Reducing Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)

Genomics Other Omics Technologies Personalized Medicine and Additional Biotechnology Related Techniques

1. Genomics, “Omics” Technologies, Personalized Medicine - Answer (click here)
2. An Introduction to “Omics” Technologies - Answer (click here)
3. Genomics - An Introduction to “Omics” Technologies - Answer (click here)
4. “Omics” Enabling Technology: Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
5. Transcriptomics - An Introduction to “Omics” Technologies - Answer (click here)
6. Proteomics, Structural Proteomics, and Functional Proteomics - “Omics” Technologies - Answer (click here)
7. “Omics” Enabling Technology: Microarrays - Answer (click here)
8. “Omics” Enabled Technology: BriefIntroduction to Biomarkers - Answer (click here)
9. Metabonomics and Metabolomics - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics - Answer (click here)
11. Toxicogenomics - Answer (click here)
12. Glycomics and Glycobiology - Answer (click here)
13. “Omics” Integrating Technology: Systems Biology - Answer (click here)
14. Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
15. Transgenic Plants - Answer (click here)
16. Xenotransplantation: Transplantable Transgenic Animal Organs - Answer (click here)
17. Knockout Mice - Answer (click here)
18. Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
19. 3D Structures of Engineered Proteins - Answer (click here)
20. Peptide Chemistry and Peptidomimetics - Answer (click here)
21. Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine - Answer (click here)
22. Stem Cells - Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine - Answer (click here)
23. Tissue Engineering and Some Products of Tissue Engineering - Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine - Answer (click here)
24. Biotechnology and Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
25. Screening and Synthesis - Biotechnology and Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
26. Chemical Genomics - Biotechnology and Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)

Gene Therapy

1. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Ex Vivo Versus In Vivo Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Gene Therapy in The Clinic: Disease Targets - Answer (click here)
4. General Considerations - Vectors For Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
5. General Anatomy and Production of a Gene Transfer Vector - Answer (click here)
6. Retroviral Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
7. Adenoviral Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
8. Adeno Associated Virus Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
9. Non-Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
10. Construction of Non Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
11. Delivery Methods for Non-Viral Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
12. The Immune Response Against Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
13. Clinical Use of Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
14. Production and Processing of Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
15. The Role of Drug Metabolism in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
16. Gene Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (GDEPT) - Answer (click here)
17. Systems for Pharmacological Regulation of Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
18. Regulation and Oversight of Gene Therapy Products - Answer (click here)

Oligonucleotides

1. Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
2. Interfering With Gene Expression - Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
3. Triple Helix-Forming Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
4. Transcription Factor Decoys - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
5. Antisense/Ribozymes/EGS - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
6. siRNA/miRNA - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
7. Direct Binding to Non-Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
8. Gene Repair - Answer (click here)
9. Stimulating Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacokinetics of Oligonucleotide-Based Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
11. Improving Oligonucleotide Stability - Answer (click here)
12. Improving Cellular Uptake - Answer (click here)
13. Diagnostic Applications - Answer (click here)

Hematopoietic Growth Factors

1. Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
2. Hematopoiesis - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Description of Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
4. Chemical Properties and Marketing Information for the Myeloid Factors, G-CSF and GM-CSF - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical Properties and Marketing Information for SCF - Answer (click here)
6. Chemical Properties and Marketing Information for TPOs - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmaceutical Issues - Answer (click here)
9. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
11. Established Uses - Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
12. AIDS - Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
13. Toxicities - Answer (click here)

Interferons and Interleukins

1. Interferons and Interleukins - Answer (click here)
2. Interferons: Nomenclature and Functions - Answer (click here)
3. Interleukins: Nomenclature and Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Rapeutic Use of Recombinant Interferons - Answer (click here)
5. Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer (click here)
6. Aldesleukin - Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer (click here)
7. Oprelvekin - Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer (click here)
8. Anakinra - Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer (click here)
9. Pegylated Interferons and Interleukins: The Next Generation - Answer (click here)

Insulin

1. Insulin - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical Description of Insulin - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology and Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
4. Regular and Rapid Acting Soluble Formulations - Pharmacology and Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
5. Intermediate Acting Insulin Formulations - Pharmacology and Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
6. Long Acting Insulin Formulations - Pharmacology and Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
7. Chemical Stability of Insulin Formulations - Answer (click here)
8. Physical Stability of Insulin Formulations - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical and Practice Aspects of Insulin - Answer (click here)

Growth Hormones

1. Human growth hormone (hGH): Structure and Isohormones - Answer (click here)
2. Growth Hormone Secretion and Regulation - Answer (click here)
3. Growth Hormone Biologic Actions - Answer (click here)
4. hGH Receptor and Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. Molecular Endocrinology and Signal Transduction - Answer (click here)
6. Dosing Schedules and Routes of Human growth hormone (hGH) - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Manufacture, Formulation and Stability- Growth Hormones - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Usage of Human growth hormone (hGH) - Answer (click here)

Recombinant Coagulation Factors and Thrombolytic Agents

1. Recombinant Coagulation Factors and Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Recombinant Coagulation Factors VIII - Answer (click here)
3. Recombinant Coagulation Factor VIIA - Answer (click here)
4. Recombinant Coagulation Factor IX - Answer (click here)
5. Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator - Recombinant Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Recombinant t-PA (rt-PA; Alteplase) - First Generation Recombinant Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Second Generation Recombinant Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
8. Reteplase - Second Generation Recombinant Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
9. Tenecteplase - Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Lanoteplase - Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)

Monoclonal Antibodies From Structure to Therapeutic Application

1. Monoclonal Antibodies: From Structure to Therapeutic Application - Answer (click here)
2. Antibody Structure and Classes - Answer (click here)
3. Murine, Chimeric, Humanized and Fully Humanized mAbs - Antibody Structure and Classes - Answer (click here)
4. Antibody Derivatives [F(ab0)2, Fab, Antibody DrugConjugates (ADC)] and Fusion Proteins - Answer (click here)
5. How Antibodies Function as Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
6. Translational Medicine/Development Process - Answer (click here)
7. Preclinical Safety Assessment of mAbs - Translational Medicine/Development Process - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Translational Medicine/Development Process - Answer (click here)
9. Prediction of Human PK/PD Based on Preclinical Information - Answer (click here)
10. PK/PD in Clinical Development of Antibody Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
11. Mechanistic Modeling Approaches - Translational Medicine/Development Process - Answer (click here)
12. Population PK of Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)

Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer

1. Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer - Answer (click here)
2. Alemtuzumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: CD Antigens - Answer (click here)
3. Gemtuzumab - Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer - Answer (click here)
4. Rituximab, Yttrium-90 (90Y) Ibritumomab Tiuxetan, Iodine-131 (131I) Tositumomab - Answer (click here)
5. Bevacizumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Trastuzumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Cetuximab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Panitumumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)

Monoclonal Antibodies in Solid Organ Transplantation

1. Monoclonal Antibodies in Solid Organ Transplantation - Answer (click here)
2. Immunologic Targets: Rational Development/ Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Organ Transplant - Answer (click here)
3. Monoclonal Antibodies Administered Pre-Transplant - Answer (click here)
4. Monoclonal Antibodies Administered at the Time of Transplant - Answer (click here)
5. Monoclonal Antibodies Administered Following Transplant - Answer (click here)
6. Muromonab - Specific Agents Used In Solid Organ Transplant - Answer (click here)
7. Interleukin 2 Receptor Antagonists - Specific Agents Used In Solid Organ Transplant - Answer (click here)
8. Alemtuzumab - Specific Agents Used In Solid Organ Transplant - Answer (click here)
9. Rituximab - Specific Agents Used In Solid Organ Transplant - Answer (click here)

Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy

1. Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Infliximab - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
4. Etanercept - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Adalimumab - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Abatacept - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
7. Rituximab - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
8. Psoriasis: Efalizumab - Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
9. Multiple Sclerosis: Natalizumab - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
10. Allergic Asthma: Omalizumab - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)

Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I

1. Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
2. Protein Chemistry, Enzymology, and Structure - Answer (click here)
3. In Vitro Activity in CF Sputum - Pharmacology - Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
4. In Vivo Activity in CF Sputum - Pharmacology - Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism - Pharmacology - Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
6. Protein Manufacturing and Formulation - Answer (click here)
7. Drug Delivery- Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
8. Clinical Use- Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)

Follicle

1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click here)
2. Biological Role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Description of Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click here)
4. Production of Recombinant FSH(Follicle Stimulating Hormone) - Answer (click here)
5. Structural Characteristics of Isohormones - Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click here)
6. Biological Properties of Recombinant FSH Isohormones - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Recombinant FSH Isohormones - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmaceutical Formulations of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Aspects of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) - Answer (click here)

Vaccines

1. Vaccines - Answer (click here)
2. Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
3. Active Immunization: Generation of an Immune Response - Answer (click here)
4. Uptake - Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
5. Activation and Migration - Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
6. Antigen Presentation and Lymphocyte Activation - Answer (click here)
7. Adaptive Immune System - Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
8. Vaccine Design in Relation with the Immune Response - Answer (click here)
9. Route of Administration - Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
10. Conventional Vaccines: Classification - Answer (click here)
11. Live Attenuated Vaccines - Answer (click here)
12. Non-Living Vaccines: Whole Organisms, Subunit Vaccines - Answer (click here)
13. Genetically Improved Live Vaccines - Answer (click here)
14. Genetically Improved Subunit Vaccines - Answer (click here)
15. Reverse Vaccinology - Answer (click here)
16. Therapeutic Vaccines - Answer (click here)
17. Pharmaceutical Aspects of Vaccines - Answer (click here)

Dispensing Biotechnology Products Handling Professional Education and Product Information

1. Dispensing Biotechnology Products: Handling, Professional Education, and Product Information - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Information Needed by Pharmacists - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
4. Sources of Information for Pharmacists - Answer (click here)
5. The Pharmacist and Handling of Biotech Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Temperature Requirements - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
7. Storage in Dosing and Administration Devices - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
8. Storage in IV Solutions and Light Protection - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
9. Mixing and Shaking - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
10. Travel Requirements - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
11. Preparation of Biotechnology Products - Answer (click here)
12. Administration of Biotechnology Products - Answer (click here)
13. Biogenerics - A Future Consideration? - Answer (click here)
14. Outpatient/Home Care Issues of Biotechnology Products - Answer (click here)

Economic Considerations in Medical Biotechnology

1. Economic Considerations in Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. The Value of a New Medical Technology - Answer (click here)
3. An Overview of Economic Analysis for New Technologies - Answer (click here)

Regulatory Issues and Drug Product Approval for Biopharmaceuticals

1. Regulatory Issues and Drug Product Approval for Biopharmaceuticals - Answer (click here)
2. Background Regulatory Issues for Biopharmaceuticals - Answer (click here)
3. Biosimilar and Follow-On Biologics - Answer (click here)
4. Regulatory Routes - Biopharmaceuticals - Answer (click here)

Subject : Biotechnology Applying the Genetic Revolution

Basics of biotechnology

1. Advent of the Biotechnology Revolution - Answer (click here)
2. Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884): Founder of Modern Genetics - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
4. Packaging of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
5. Bacteria as the Workhorses of Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
6. Escherichia coli Is the Model Bacterium - Answer (click here)
7. Arabidopsis thaliana , a Model Flowering Plant - Answer (click here)
8. Viruses Used in Genetics Research - Answer (click here)
9. Subviral Infectious Agents and Other Gene Creatures - Answer (click here)

DNA RNA and Protein

1. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Transcription Expresses Genes - Answer (click here)
3. Making the RNA - Answer (click here)
4. Transcription Stop Signals - Answer (click here)
5. The Number of Genes on an mRNA Varies - Answer (click here)
6. Eukaryotic Transcription Is More Complex - Answer (click here)
7. Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here)
8. Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
9. Eukaryotic mRNA Is Processed before Making Protein - Answer (click here)
10. Translating the Genetic Code into Proteins - Answer (click here)
11. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation - Answer (click here)
12. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Synthesize Their Own Proteins - Answer (click here)

Recombinant DNA Technology

1. DNA Isolation and Purification - Answer (click here)
2. Electrophoresis Separates DNA Fragments by Size - Answer (click here)
3. Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA; Ligase Joins DNA - Answer (click here)
4. Methods of Detection for Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
5. Complementary Strands Melt Apart and Reanneal - Answer (click here)
6. Hybridization of DNA or RNA in Southern and Northern Blots - Answer (click here)
7. Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) - Answer (click here)
8. General Properties of Cloning Vectors - Answer (click here)
9. Specific Types of Cloning Vectors - Answer (click here)
10. Getting Cloned Genes into Bacteria by Transformation - Answer (click here)
11. Constructing a Library of Genes - Answer (click here)
12. Screening the Library of Genes by Hybridization - Answer (click here)
13. Eukaryotic Expression Libraries - Answer (click here)
14. Features of Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
15. Subtractive Hybridization - Answer (click here)

DNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro

1. Introduction of DNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro - Answer (click here)
2. Replication of DNA - Answer (click here)
3. Comparing Replication in Gene Creatures, Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
4. In Vitro DNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Chemical Synthesis of DNA - Answer (click here)
6. Chemical Synthesis of Complete Genes - Answer (click here)
7. In Vitro Synthesis of DNA Can Determine the Sequence of Bases - Answer (click here)
8. Polymerase Chain Reaction Uses In Vitro Synthesis to Amplify Small Amounts of DNA - Answer (click here)
9. Automated DNA Cycle Sequencing Combines PCR and Sequencing - Answer (click here)
10. Modifications of Basic PCR - Answer (click here)
11. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA - Answer (click here)
12. Reverse Transcriptase PCR - Answer (click here)
13. PCR in Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)

RNA Based Technologies

1. RNA Based Technologies - Answer (click here)
2. Antisense RNA Modulates mRNA Expression - Answer (click here)
3. Antisense Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
4. Expression of Antisense RNA Constructs - Answer (click here)
5. Delivery of Antisense Therapies - Answer (click here)
6. RNA Interference Uses Antisense Sequences to Inhibit Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
7. RNAi in Plants and Fungi - Answer (click here)
8. MicroRNAs Are Antisense RNAs That Modulate Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
9. Applications of RNAi for Studying Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
10. RNAi for Studying Mammalian Genes - Answer (click here)
11. Functional Screening with RNAi Libraries - Answer (click here)
12. Ribozymes Catalyze Cleavage and Ligation Reactions - Answer (click here)
13. Small Naturally Occurring Ribozymes - Answer (click here)
14. Engineering Ribozymes for Medical and Biotechnology Applications - Answer (click here)
15. RNA SELEX Identifies New Binding Partners for Ribozymes - Answer (click here)
16. In Vitro Evolution and in Vitro Selection of Ribozymes - Answer (click here)
17. Synthetic Ribozymes Used in Medicine - Answer (click here)
18. Allosteric Deoxyribozymes Catalyze Specific Reactions - Answer (click here)
19. Riboswitches Are Controlled by Effector Molecules - Answer (click here)
20. Engineering Allosteric Riboswitches and Ribozymes - Answer (click here)

Immune Technology

1. Antibody Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
2. Antibodies, Antigens, and Epitopes - Answer (click here)
3. The Great Diversity of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
4. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
6. Monoclonal Antibodies for Clinical Use - Answer (click here)
7. Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
8. Humanized Antibodies in Clinical Applications - Answer (click here)
9. Antibody Engineering - Answer (click here)
10. Diabodies and Bispecific Antibody Constructs - Answer (click here)
11. ELISA Assay - Answer (click here)
12. The ELISA as a Diagnostic Tool - Answer (click here)
13. Visualizing Cell Components Using Antibodies - Answer (click here)
14. Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting - Answer (click here)
15. Immune Memory and Vaccination - Answer (click here)
16. Creating a Vaccine - Answer (click here)
17. Making Vector Vaccines Using Homologous Recombination - Answer (click here)
18. Reverse Vaccinology - Answer (click here)
19. Identifying New Antigens for Vaccines - Answer (click here)
20. DNA Vaccines Bypass the Need to Purify Antigens - Answer (click here)
21. Edible Vaccines - Answer (click here)

Nanobiotechnology

1. Nanobiotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Visualization at the Nanoscale - Answer (click here)
3. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy - Answer (click here)
4. Atomic Force Microscopy - Answer (click here)
5. Virus Detection via AFM - Answer (click here)
6. Weighing Single Bacteria and Virus Particles - Answer (click here)
7. Nanoparticles and Their Uses - Answer (click here)
8. Nanoparticles for Labeling - Answer (click here)
9. Quantum Size Effect and Nanocrystal Colors - Answer (click here)
10. Nanoparticles for Delivery of Drugs, DNA, or RNA - Answer (click here)
11. Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy - Answer (click here)
12. Assembly of Nanocrystals by Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
13. Nanotubes - Answer (click here)
14. Antibacterial Nanocarpets - Answer (click here)
15. Detection of Viruses by Nanowires - Answer (click here)
16. Ion Channel Nanosensors - Answer (click here)
17. Nanoengineering of DNA - Answer (click here)
18. DNA Mechanical Nanodevices - Answer (click here)
19. Controlled Denaturation of DNA by Gold Nanoparticles - Answer (click here)
20. Controlled Change of Protein Shape by DNA - Answer (click here)
21. Biomolecular Motors - Answer (click here)

Genomics and Gene Expression

1. Genomics and Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Mapping Techniques - Answer (click here)
3. Physical Maps Use Sequence Data - Answer (click here)
4. Radiation Hybrid and Cytogenetic Mapping - Answer (click here)
5. Sequencing Entire Genomes - Answer (click here)
6. Race for the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
7. Gaps Remain in the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
8. Survey of the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
9. Noncoding Components of the Human Genome - Answer (click here)
10. Bioinformatics and Computer Analysis - Answer (click here)
11. Medicine and Genomics - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Accumulates Mutations over Time - Answer (click here)
13. Genetic Evolution - Answer (click here)
14. From Pharmacology to Pharmacogenetics - Answer (click here)
15. Gene Expression and Microarrays - Answer (click here)
16. Making DNA Microarrays - Answer (click here)
17. Hybridization on DNA Microarrays - Answer (click here)
18. Monitoring Gene Expression Using Whole-Genome Tiling Arrays - Answer (click here)
19. Monitoring Gene Expression of Single Genes - Answer (click here)

Proteomics

1. Proteomics - Answer (click here)
2. Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Western Blotting of Proteins - Answer (click here)
4. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Separates Protein Mixtures - Answer (click here)
5. Digestion of Proteins by Proteases - Answer (click here)
6. Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification - Answer (click here)
7. Peptide Sequencing Using Mass Spectrometry - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Quantification Using Mass Spectrometry - Answer (click here)
9. Protein Tagging Systems - Answer (click here)
10. Phage Display Library Screening - Answer (click here)
11. Protein Interactions: The Yeast Two Hybrid System - Answer (click here)
12. Protein Interactions by Co-immunoprecipitation - Answer (click here)
13. Protein Arrays - Answer (click here)
14. Metabolomics - Answer (click here)

Recombinant Proteins

1. Proteins and Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
2. Expression of Eukaryotic Proteins in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Translation Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
4. Codon Usage Effects - Answer (click here)
5. Avoiding Toxic Effects of Protein Overproduction - Answer (click here)
6. Increasing Protein Stability - Answer (click here)
7. Improving Protein Secretion - Answer (click here)
8. Protein Fusion Expression Vectors - Answer (click here)
9. Expression of Proteins by Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Expression of Proteins by Yeast - Answer (click here)
11. Expression of Proteins by Insect Cells - Answer (click here)
12. Protein Glycosylation - Answer (click here)
13. Expression of Proteins by Mammalian Cells - Answer (click here)
14. Expression of Multiple Subunits in Mammalian Cells - Answer (click here)
15. Comparing Expression Systems - Answer (click here)

Protein Engineering

1. Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
2. Engineering Disulfide Bonds - Answer (click here)
3. Improving Stability in Other Ways - Answer (click here)
4. Changing Binding Site Specificity - Answer (click here)
5. Structural Scaffolds - Answer (click here)
6. Directed Evolution - Answer (click here)
7. Adding New Functional Groups Using Nonnatural Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
8. Recombining Domains - Answer (click here)
9. DNA Shuffling - Answer (click here)
10. Combinatorial Protein Libraries - Answer (click here)
11. Biomaterials Design Relies on Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
12. Engineered Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)

Environmental Biotechnology

1. Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Identifying New Genes with Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
3. Culture Enrichment for Environmental Samples - Answer (click here)
4. Sequence Dependent Techniques for Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
5. Function or Activity Based Evaluation of the Environment - Answer (click here)
6. Ecology and Metagenomics - Answer (click here)
7. Natural Attenuation of Pollutants - Answer (click here)

Pathway Engineering

1. Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
2. Ethanol, Elephants, and Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
3. Degradation of Starch - Answer (click here)
4. Degradation of Cellulose - Answer (click here)
5. Ice Forming Bacteria and Frost - Answer (click here)
6. Degradation of Aromatic Ring Compounds - Answer (click here)
7. Indigo and Related Natural Pigments - Answer (click here)
8. The Toluene/Xylene Pathway - Answer (click here)
9. Removal of Halogen, Nitro, and Sulfonate Groups - Answer (click here)
10. Biorefining of Fossil Fuels - Answer (click here)
11. Biosynthesis of Medium-Sized Molecules - Answer (click here)
12. Sterol Synthesis and Modification - Answer (click here)
13. Biosynthesis of beta Lactam Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
14. Polyketides and Polyketide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
15. Biosynthetic Plastics Are Also Biodegradable - Answer (click here)

Transgenic Plants and Plant Biotechnology

1. History of Plant Breeding - Answer (click here)
2. Plant Tissue Culture - Answer (click here)
3. Genetic Engineering of Plants - Answer (click here)
4. Getting Genes into Plants Using the Ti Plasmid - Answer (click here)
5. Particle Bombardment Technology - Answer (click here)
6. Detection of Inserted DNA - Answer (click here)
7. Using the Cre/loxP System - Answer (click here)
8. Plant Breeding and Testing - Answer (click here)
9. Transgenic Plants with Herbicide Resistance - Answer (click here)
10. Transgenic Plants with Insect Resistance - Answer (click here)
11. Trehalose in Transgenic Plants Increase Stress Tolerance - Answer (click here)
12. Functional Genomics in Plants - Answer (click here)
13. Food Safety Assessment and Starlink Corn - Answer (click here)
14. Bt Toxin and Butterflies - Answer (click here)

Transgenic Animals

1. New and Improved Animals - Answer (click here)
2. Creating Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
3. Larger Mice Illustrate Transgenic Technology - Answer (click here)
4. Recombinant Protein Production Using Transgenic Livestock - Answer (click here)
5. Knockout Mice for Medical Research - Answer (click here)
6. Alternative Approaches to Making Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
7. Location Effects on Expression of the Transgene - Answer (click here)
8. Combating Location Effects on Transgene Expression - Answer (click here)
9. Targeting the Transgene to a Specific Location - Answer (click here)
10. Deliberate Control of Transgene Expression - Answer (click here)
11. Control by Site-Specific Recombination Using Cre or Flp - Answer (click here)
12. Transgenic Insects - Answer (click here)
13. Genetically Modified Mosquitoes - Answer (click here)
14. Cloning Animals by Nuclear Transplantation - Answer (click here)
15. Dolly the Cloned Sheep - Answer (click here)
16. Practical Reasons for Cloning Animals - Answer (click here)
17. Improving Livestock by Pathway Engineering - Answer (click here)
18. Problems and Ethics of Nuclear Transplantation - Answer (click here)
19. Imprinting and Developmental Problems in Cloned Animals - Answer (click here)
20. Transgenic People, Primates, and Pets - Answer (click here)
21. Applications of RNA Technology in Transgenics - Answer (click here)
22. Applications of RNA Interference in Transgenics - Answer (click here)
23. Natural Transgenics and DNA Ingestion - Answer (click here)

Inherited Defects

1. Inherited Defects - Answer (click here)
2. Hereditary Defects in Higher Organisms - Answer (click here)
3. Hereditary Defects Due to Multiple Genes - Answer (click here)
4. Defects Due to Haploinsufficiency - Answer (click here)
5. Dominant Mutations May Be Positive or Negative - Answer (click here)
6. Deleterious Tandem Repeats and Dynamic Mutations - Answer (click here)
7. Defects in Imprinting and Methylation - Answer (click here)
8. Mitochondrial Defects - Answer (click here)
9. Identification, Location, and Cloning of Defective Genes - Answer (click here)
10. Cystic Fibrosis - Answer (click here)
11. Muscular Dystrophy - Answer (click here)
12. Genetic Screening and Counseling - Answer (click here)

Gene Therapy

1. Gene Therapy or Genetic Engineering? - Answer (click here)
2. General Principles of Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Gene Patching by Oligonucleotide Crossover - Answer (click here)
4. Aggressive Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Adenovirus Vectors in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
6. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy by Adenovirus - Answer (click here)
7. Adeno Associated Virus - Answer (click here)
8. Retrovirus Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
9. Retrovirus Gene Therapy for SCID - Answer (click here)
10. Nonviral Delivery in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
11. Liposomes and Lipofection in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
12. Aggressive Gene Therapy for Cancer - Answer (click here)
13. Antisense RNA and Other Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
14. Aptamers-Blocking Proteins with RNA - Answer (click here)
15. Ribozymes in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)

Molecular Biology of Cancer

1. Cancer Is Genetic in Origin - Answer (click here)
2. Environmental Factors and Cancer - Answer (click here)
3. Normal Cell Division: The Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
4. Cell Division Responds to External Signals - Answer (click here)
5. Genes That Affect Cancer - Answer (click here)
6. Oncogenes and Proto oncogenes - Answer (click here)
7. Detection of Oncogenes by Transformation - Answer (click here)
8. Types of Mutations That Generate Oncogenes - Answer (click here)
9. The Ras Oncogene-Hyperactive Protein - Answer (click here)
10. The Myc Oncogene-Overproduction of Protein - Answer (click here)
11. Tumor Suppressor Genes or Anti oncogenes - Answer (click here)
12. The p16, p21, and p53 Anti oncogenes - Answer (click here)
13. Formation of a Tumor - Answer (click here)
14. Inherited Susceptibility to Cancer - Answer (click here)
15. Cancer Causing Viruses - Answer (click here)
16. Engineered Cancer Killing Viruses - Answer (click here)

Noninfectious Diseases

1. Noninfectious Diseases: Cellular Communication - Answer (click here)
2. Noninfectious Diseases: Receptors and Signal Transmission - Answer (click here)
3. Steroids and Other Lipophilic Hormones - Answer (click here)
4. Cyclic AMP as Second Messenger - Answer (click here)
5. Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP - Answer (click here)
6. Cyclic Phosphodiesterase and Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
7. Insulin and Diabetes - Answer (click here)
8. The Insulin Receptor - Answer (click here)
9. Cloning and Genetic Engineering of Insulin - Answer (click here)
10. Obesity and Leptin - Answer (click here)
11. A Multitude of Genes Affect Obesity - Answer (click here)
12. Fat Degradation - Answer (click here)
13. Monoamine Oxidase and Violent Crime - Answer (click here)

Aging and Apoptosis

1. Aging and Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
2. Aging and Apoptosis: Cellular Senescence - Answer (click here)
3. Factors That Activate Senescence - Answer (click here)
4. Links between Cancer and Aging - Answer (click here)
5. Telomeres Shorten during Aging - Answer (click here)
6. Mitochondria and Aging - Answer (click here)
7. Life Span and Metabolism in Worms - Answer (click here)
8. Sirtuins, Histone Acetylation, and Life Span in Yeast - Answer (click here)
9. Apoptosis Is Programmed Cell Death - Answer (click here)
10. Apoptosis Involves a Proteolytic Cascade - Answer (click here)
11. Mammalian Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
12. Execution Phase of Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
13. Corpse Clearance in Apoptosis - Answer (click here)
14. Control of Apoptotic Pathways in Development - Answer (click here)
15. Alzheimer’s Disease - Answer (click here)
16. Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
17. Using Apoptosis to Treat Cancer - Answer (click here)

Bacterial Infections

1. Bacterial Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Molecular Approaches to Diagnosis - Answer (click here)
3. Virulence Genes Are Often Found on Mobile Segments of DNA - Answer (click here)
4. Attachment and Entry of Pathogenic Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Iron Acquisition by Pathogenic Bacteria - Answer (click here)
6. Bacterial Toxins - Answer (click here)
7. ADP Ribosylating Toxins - Answer (click here)
8. Cholera Toxin - Answer (click here)
9. Anthrax Toxin - Answer (click here)
10. Antitoxin Therapy - Answer (click here)

Viral and Prion Infections

1. Viral Infections and Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Interferons Coordinate the Antiviral Response - Answer (click here)
3. Influenza Is a Negative-Strand RNA Virus - Answer (click here)
4. The AIDS Retrovirus - Answer (click here)
5. Chemokine Receptors Act as Co-receptors for HIV - Answer (click here)
6. Treatment of the AIDS Retrovirus - Answer (click here)
7. Infectious Prion Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Detection of Pathogenic Prions - Answer (click here)
9. Approaches to Treating Prion Disease - Answer (click here)
10. Using Yeast Prions as Models - Answer (click here)

Biowarfare and Bioterrorism

1. Biowarfare and Bioterrorism - Answer (click here)
2. Bacteria Make Lethal Proteins to Kill Other Organisms - Answer (click here)
3. Germ Warfare among the Lower Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
4. History of Human Biological Warfare - Answer (click here)
5. Biowarfare Expectancy and Expense - Answer (click here)
6. Important Factors in Biological Warfare - Answer (click here)
7. Which Disease Agents Are Suitable for Biological Warfare? - Answer (click here)
8. Anthrax - Answer (click here)
9. The 2001 Anthrax Attack in the United States - Answer (click here)
10. Other Bacterial Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Smallpox Virus - Answer (click here)
12. Other Viral Agents - Answer (click here)
13. Purified Toxins as Biowarfare Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Botox-Botulinum Toxin - Answer (click here)
15. Ribosome Inactivating Proteins - Answer (click here)
16. Agricultural Biowarfare - Answer (click here)
17. Genetic Engineering of Infectious Agents - Answer (click here)
18. Creation of Camouflaged Viruses - Answer (click here)
19. Biosensors and Detection of Biowarfare Agents - Answer (click here)

Forensic Molecular Biology

1. The Genetic Basis of Identity - Answer (click here)
2. Blood, Sweat, and Tears - Answer (click here)
3. Forensic DNA Testing - Answer (click here)
4. DNA Fingerprinting - Answer (click here)
5. Using Repeated Sequences in Fingerprinting - Answer (click here)
6. Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Answer (click here)
7. Probability and DNA Testing - Answer (click here)
8. Use of DNA Evidence - Answer (click here)
9. Tracing Genealogies by Mitochondrial DNA and the Y Chromosome - Answer (click here)
10. Identifying the Remains of the Russian Imperial Family - Answer (click here)

Bioethics in Biotechnology

1. Approach to Bioethics - Answer (click here)
2. Power, Profit, Poverty, and Access - Answer (click here)
3. Ignorance, Novelty, and Cultural Viewpoint - Answer (click here)
4. Possible Dangers to Individuals, Society, or Nature - Answer (click here)
5. Health Care and Related Issues - Answer (click here)
6. Interference with the Natural World - Answer (click here)
7. Altering the Human Germline - Answer (click here)
8. Knowledge, Identity, and Ideology - Answer (click here)
9. Long Term Biological Problems - Answer (click here)

Subject : Environmental Biotechnology

Theory and Application

1. Introduction to Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Role of Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
3. Scope for Use of Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
4. Market for Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
5. Modalities and local influences - Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)

Microbes and Metabolism

1. Microbes and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Immobilisation, Degradation or Monitoring of Pollutants from a Biological Origin - Answer (click here)
3. players - Microbes and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolism - Answer (click here)
5. Genetic blueprint for metabolic capability - Answer (click here)
6. Microbial diversity - Answer (click here)
7. Metabolic Pathways of Particular Relevance to Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
8. Glycolysis: TCA and Glyoxalate cycle - Answer (click here)
9. Macromolecules - description and degradation - Answer (click here)
10. Production of Cellular Energy - Answer (click here)
11. Fermentation and respiration - Answer (click here)
12. Photosynthesis and the Basis of Phytotechnology - Answer (click here)
13. The light reactions - Answer (click here)
14. The dark reactions - Answer (click here)
15. The Nitrogen Cycle - Answer (click here)

Fundamentals of Biological Intervention

1. Using Biological Systems - Biological Intervention - Answer (click here)
2. Extremophiles - Answer (click here)
3. Xenobiotics and Other Problematic Chemicals - Answer (click here)
4. Endocrine disrupters - Biological Intervention - Answer (click here)
5. New discoveries - Biological Intervention - Answer (click here)
6. Mobility of DNA - Answer (click here)

Pollution and Pollution Control

1. Classifying Pollution - Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
2. Pollution Environment - Answer (click here)
3. Dilution and dispersal - Pollution Control Strategies - Answer (click here)
4. Concentration and containment - Pollution Control Strategies - Answer (click here)
5. Pollution Control Strategies - Answer (click here)
6. Practical Toxicity Issues - Answer (click here)
7. Practical Applications to Pollution Control - Answer (click here)
8. Biofilters - Practical Applications to Pollution Control - Answer (click here)
9. Biotrickling filters - Practical Applications to Pollution Control - Answer (click here)
10. Bioscrubbers - Practical Applications to Pollution Control - Answer (click here)
11. Other options - Practical Applications to Pollution Control - Answer (click here)
12. ‘Clean’ Technology - Answer (click here)
13. process changes - Clean Technology - Answer (click here)
14. Biological Control - Clean Technology - Answer (click here)
15. Biosubstitutions - Clean Technology - Answer (click here)

Contaminated Land and Bioremediation

1. Contaminated Land and Bioremediation - Answer (click here)
2. Soil Remediation Methods - Answer (click here)
3. In Situ and Ex Situ Techniques - Answer (click here)
4. Intensive and Extensive Technologies - Answer (click here)
5. Process Integration - Answer (click here)
6. Suitability of Bioremediation - Answer (click here)
7. Factors Affecting the use of Bioremediation - Answer (click here)
8. Biotechnology Selection - Answer (click here)
9. Essential Features of Biological Treatment Systems - Answer (click here)
10. In situ techniques - Answer (click here)
11. Site monitoring for biotechnological applications - Answer (click here)
12. Ex situ techniques - Answer (click here)
13. Process selection and integration - Contaminated Land and Bioremediation - Answer (click here)
14. Use of remediation techniques - Answer (click here)

Aerobes and Effluents

1. Aerobes and Effluents - Answer (click here)
2. Sewage Treatment - Answer (click here)
3. Process Issues - Aerobes and Effluents - Answer (click here)
4. Land Spread - Sewage Treatment - Answer (click here)
5. Septic tank - Sewage Treatment - Answer (click here)
6. Limits to land application - Sewage Treatment - Answer (click here)
7. Nitrogenous Wastes - Answer (click here)
8. Aeration: Diffused air systems, Mechanical aeration - Answer (click here)
9. Trickling Filters - Answer (click here)
10. Activated Sludge Systems - Answer (click here)
11. Process disruption - Answer (click here)
12. Organic loadings - Aerobes and Effluents - Answer (click here)
13. Deep Shaft Process - Aerobes and Effluents - Answer (click here)
14. Pure Oxygen Systems - Answer (click here)
15. The Oxidation Ditch - Answer (click here)
16. Rotating Biological Contactor - Answer (click here)
17. Membrane Bioreactors - Answer (click here)
18. Cellulose Ion-Exchange Media - Answer (click here)
19. Sludge Disposal - Answer (click here)

Phytotechnology and Photosynthesis

1. Phytotechnology and Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Terrestrial Phyto Systems (TPS) - Answer (click here)
3. Phytoextraction - Metal Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
4. Hyperaccumulation - Metal Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
5. Rhizofiltration - Metal Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
6. Phytostabilisation - Metal Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
7. Phytodegradation - Organic Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
8. Rhizodegradation - Organic Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
9. Phytovolatilisation - Organic Phytoremediation - Answer (click here)
10. Hydraulic Containment - Answer (click here)
11. Plant Selection - Hydraulic Containment - Answer (click here)
12. Applications of Phytotechnology - Answer (click here)
13. Aquatic Phyto-Systems (APS) - Answer (click here)
14. Macrophyte Treatment Systems (MaTS) - Answer (click here)
15. Nutrient Film Techniques (NFT) - Answer (click here)
16. Algal Treatment Systems (ATS) - Answer (click here)
17. Effluent treatment - Answer (click here)
18. Carbon sequestration - Answer (click here)
19. Pollution Detection - Answer (click here)

Biotechnology and Waste

1. Biotechnology and Waste - Answer (click here)
2. Nature of Biowaste - Answer (click here)
3. Composition of biowaste - Answer (click here)
4. Biological Waste Treatment - Answer (click here)
5. Composting - Answer (click here)
6. Applying Composting to Waste Management - Answer (click here)
7. Anaerobic Digestion and digestion process - Answer (click here)
8. Applying Anaerobic Digestion(AD) to Waste Management - Answer (click here)
9. Process parameters - Anaerobic Digestion - Answer (click here)
10. Biogas - Answer (click here)
11. Other Biotechnologies - Answer (click here)
12. Annelidic conversion (AC) - Answer (click here)
13. Biowaste to ethanol - Answer (click here)
14. Eutrophic fermentation (EF) - Answer (click here)

Genetic Manipulation

1. Genetic Manipulation - Answer (click here)
2. Training: Manipulation of Bacteria Without Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
3. Manipulation of Bacteria by Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
4. Enzymes, solutions and equipment - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
5. DNA for transfer - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
6. Cloning vectors - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
7. Expression vectors - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
8. Reporter genes - Basic Principles of Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
9. Analysis of Recombinants: Bacteria, Yeast, Viruses - Answer (click here)
10. Transgenic Plants - Answer (click here)
11. Examples of developments in plant GE(Genetic Engineering) - Answer (click here)
12. Integrated Environmental Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
13. Bioenergy - Answer (click here)
14. Methane biogas - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
15. Ethanol fermentation - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
16. Short rotation coppicing - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
17. Biodiesel - Derived Biofuels - Answer (click here)
18. The carbon sink or energy crop question - Answer (click here)
19. Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural Applications - Answer (click here)
20. Plant disease suppression - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural Applications - Answer (click here)
21. Microbial pesticides - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural Applications - Answer (click here)
22. Plant/microbe interactions - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural Applications - Answer (click here)
23. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation - Biotechnology Integrated Agricultural Applications - Answer (click here)
24. Endomycorrhizae - Answer (click here)
25. Plant pathogens: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Cauliflower mosaic virus - Answer (click here)

Subject : Genetics and Molecular Biology

An Overview of Cell Structure and Function

1. Cell’s Need for Immense Amounts of Information - Answer (click here)
2. Rudiments of Prokaryotic Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Rudiments of Eukaryotic Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Packing DNA into Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Moving Molecules into or out of Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Diffusion within the Small Volume of a Cell - Answer (click here)
7. Exponentially Growing Populations - Answer (click here)
8. Composition Change in Growing Cells - Answer (click here)
9. Age Distribution in Populations of Growing Cell - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid and Chromosome Structure

1. The Regular Backbone of DNA - Answer (click here)
2. Grooves in DNA and Helical Forms of DNA - Answer (click here)
3. Dissociation and Reassociation of Base-paired Strands - Answer (click here)
4. Reading Sequence Without Dissociating Strands - Answer (click here)
5. Electrophoretic Fragment Separation - Answer (click here)
6. Bent DNA Sequences - Answer (click here)
7. Measurement of Helical Pitch - Answer (click here)
8. Topological Considerations in DNA Structure - Answer (click here)
9. Generating DNA with Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
10. Measuring Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
11. Determining Lk, Tw, and Wr in Hypothetical Structures - Answer (click here)
12. Altering Linking Number - Answer (click here)
13. Biological Significance of Superhelical Turns - Answer (click here)
14. The Linking Number Paradox of Nucleosomes - Answer (click here)
15. General Chromosome Structure - Answer (click here)
16. Southern Transfers to Locate Nucleosomes on Genes - Answer (click here)
17. ARS Elements, Centromeres, and Telomeres - Answer (click here)

DNA Synthesis

1. DNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Proofreading, Okazaki Fragments, and DNA Ligase - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
3. Detection and Basic Properties of DNA Polymerases - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
4. In vitro DNA Replication - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
5. Error and Damage Correction - Enzymology - Answer (click here)
6. DNA Replication Areas In Chromosomes - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
7. Bidirectional Replication from E. coli Origins - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. The DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
9. Constancy of the E. coli DNA Elongation Rate - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
10. Regulating Initiations - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
11. Gel Electrophoresis Assay of Eukaryotic Replication Origins - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)
12. How Fast Could DNA Be Replicated? - Physiological Aspects - Answer (click here)

RNA Polymerase and RNA Initiation

1. Measuring the Activity of RNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)
2. Concentration of Free RNA Polymerase in Cells - Answer (click here)
3. The RNA Polymerase in Escherichia coli - Answer (click here)
4. Three RNA Polymerases in Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
5. Multiple but Related Subunits in Polymerases - Answer (click here)
6. Multiple Sigma Subunits - Answer (click here)
7. Structure of Promoters - Answer (click here)
8. Enhancers - Answer (click here)
9. Enhancer-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
10. DNA Looping in Regulating Promoter Activities - Answer (click here)
11. Steps of the Initiation Process - Answer (click here)
12. Measurement of Binding and Initiation Rates - Answer (click here)
13. Relating Abortive Initiations to Binding and Initiating - Answer (click here)
14. Roles of Auxiliary Transcription Factors - Answer (click here)
15. Melted DNA Under RNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)

TranscriptionTermination and RNA Processing

1. Polymerase Elongation Rate - Answer (click here)
2. Transcription Termination at Specific Sites - Answer (click here)
3. RNA Termination - Answer (click here)
4. Processing Prokaryotic RNAs After Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. S1 Mapping to Locate 5’ and 3’ Ends of Transcripts - Answer (click here)
6. Caps, Splices, Edits, and Poly-A Tails on Eukaryotic RNAs - Answer (click here)
7. The Discovery and Assay of RNA Splicing - Answer (click here)
8. Involvement of the U1 snRNP Particle in Splicing - Answer (click here)
9. Splicing Reactions and Complexes - Answer (click here)
10. The Discovery of Self-Splicing RNAs - Answer (click here)
11. A Common Mechanism for Splicing Reactions - Answer (click here)
12. Other RNA Processing Reactions - Answer (click here)

Protein Structure

1. Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
2. The Amino Acids - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Peptide Bond - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
4. Electrostatic Forces that Determine Protein Structure - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
5. Hydrogen Bonds and the Chelate Effect - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
6. Hydrophobic Forces - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Thermodynamic Considerations of Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
8. Structures within Proteins - Answer (click here)
9. Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet, and Beta Turn - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
10. Calculation of Protein Tertiary Structure - Answer (click here)
11. Secondary Structure Predictions - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
12. Structures of DNA-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
13. Salt Effects on Protein-DNA Interactions - Answer (click here)
14. Locating Specific Residue-Base Interactions - Protein Structure - Answer (click here)

Protein Synthesis

1. Activation of Amino Acids During Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Fidelity of Aminoacylation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
3. How Synthetases Identify the Correct tRNA Molecule - Answer (click here)
4. Decoding the Message - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Base Pairing between Ribosomal RNA and Messenger - Answer (click here)
6. Experimental Support for the Shine-Dalgarno Hypothesis - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Eukaryotic Translation and the First AUG - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
8. Tricking the Translation Machinery into Initiating - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
9. Protein Elongation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Peptide Bond Formation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Translocation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
12. Termination, Nonsense, and Suppression - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
13. Chaperones and Catalyzed Protein Folding - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
14. Resolution of a Paradox - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Messenger Instability - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
16. Protein Elongation Rates - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
17. Directing Proteins to Specific Cellular Sites - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
18. Verifying the Signal Peptide Model - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
19. The Signal Recognition Particle and Translocation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
20. Expectations for Ribosome Regulation - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
21. Proportionality of Ribosome Levels and Growth Rates - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
22. Regulation of Ribosome Synthesis - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
23. Balancing Synthesis of Ribosomal Components - Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)

Genetics

1. Genetics Mutations - Answer (click here)
2. Point Mutations, Deletions, Insertions, and Damage - Answer (click here)
3. Classical Genetics of Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Complementation, Cis, Trans, Dominant, and Recessive - Answer (click here)
5. Mechanism of a trans Dominant Negative Mutation - Answer (click here)
6. Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
7. Genetics Mapping by Recombination Frequencies - Answer (click here)
8. Genetics: Mapping by Deletions - Answer (click here)
9. Heteroduplexes and Genetic Recombination - Answer (click here)
10. Genetics: Branch Migration and Isomerization - Answer (click here)
11. Elements of Recombination in E. coli, RecA, RecBCD, and Chi - Answer (click here)
12. Genetic Systems - Answer (click here)
13. Growing Cells for Genetics Experiments - Answer (click here)
14. Testing Purified Cultures, Scoring - Answer (click here)
15. Isolating Auxotrophs, Use of Mutagens and Replica Plating - Answer (click here)
16. Genetic Selections - Answer (click here)
17. Mapping with Generalized Transducing Phage - Answer (click here)
18. Principles of Bacterial Sex - Answer (click here)
19. Elements of Yeast Genetics - Answer (click here)
20. Elements of Drosophila Genetics - Answer (click here)
21. Isolating Mutations in Muscle or Nerve in Drosophila - Answer (click here)
22. Fate Mapping and Study of Tissue-Specific Gene Expression - Answer (click here)

Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA

1. Isolation of DNA - Answer (click here)
2. Biology of Restriction Enzymes - Answer (click here)
3. Cutting DNA with Restriction Enzymes - Answer (click here)
4. Isolation of DNA Fragments - Answer (click here)
5. Joining DNA Fragments - Answer (click here)
6. Vectors: Selection and Autonomous DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
7. Plasmid Vectors - Answer (click here)
8. A Phage Vector for Bacteria - Answer (click here)
9. Vectors for Higher Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Putting DNA Back into Cells - Answer (click here)
11. Cloning from RNA - Answer (click here)
12. Plaque and Colony Hybridization for Clone Identification - Answer (click here)
13. Walking Along a Chromosome to Clone a Gene - Answer (click here)
14. Arrest of Translation to Assay for DNA of a Gene - Answer (click here)
15. Chemical DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
16. Enzymatic DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)

Advanced Genetic Engineering

1. Finding Clones from a Known Amino Acid Sequence - Answer (click here)
2. Finding Clones Using Antibodies Against a Protein - Answer (click here)
3. Southern, Northern, and Western Transfers - Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
4. Polymerase Chain Reaction - Answer (click here)
5. Isolation of Rare Sequences Utilizing PCR - Answer (click here)
6. Physical and Genetic Maps of Chromosomes - Answer (click here)
7. Chromosome Mapping - Answer (click here)
8. DNA Fingerprinting - Forensics - Answer (click here)
9. Megabase Sequencing - Answer (click here)
10. Footprinting, Premodification and Missing Contact Probing - Answer (click here)
11. Antisense RNA: Selective Gene Inactivation - Answer (click here)
12. Hypersynthesis of Proteins - Answer (click here)
13. Altering Cloned DNA by in vitro Mutagenesis - Answer (click here)
14. Mutagenesis with Chemically Synthesized DNA - Answer (click here)

Repression and the lac Operon

1. Repression and the lac Operon - Answer (click here)
2. Role of Inducer Analogs in the Study of the lac Operon - Answer (click here)
3. Proving lac Repressor is a Protein - Answer (click here)
4. An Assay for lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
5. Difficulty of Detecting Wild Type lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
6. Detection and Purification of lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
7. Repressor Binds to DNA: The Operator is DNA - Answer (click here)
8. Migration Retardation Assay and DNA Looping - Repression and the lac Operon - Answer (click here)
9. Isolation and Structure of Operator - Repression and the lac Operon - Answer (click here)
10. In vivo Affinity of Repressor for Operator - Answer (click here)
11. DNA-binding Domain of lac Repressor - Answer (click here)
12. A Mechanism for Induction - Repression and the lac Operon - Answer (click here)

Induction Repression and the araBAD Operon

1. Sugar Arabinose and Arabinose Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Genetics of the Arabinose System - Answer (click here)
3. Detection and Isolation of AraC Protein - Answer (click here)
4. Repression by AraC - Answer (click here)
5. Regulating AraC Synthesis - Answer (click here)
6. Binding Sites of the ara Regulatory Proteins - Answer (click here)
7. DNA Looping and Repression of araBAD - Answer (click here)
8. In vivo Footprinting Demonstration of Looping - Answer (click here)
9. How AraC Protein Loops and Unloops - Answer (click here)
10. Why Looping is Biologically Sensible - Answer (click here)
11. Why Positive Regulators are a Good Idea - Answer (click here)

Attenuation and the trp Operon

1. Attenuation and the trp Operon - Answer (click here)
2. Rapid Induction Capabilities of the trp Operon - Answer (click here)
3. Serendipitous Discovery of trp Enzyme Hypersynthesis - Answer (click here)
4. Early Explorations of the Hypersynthesis - Answer (click here)
5. trp Multiple Secondary Structures in trp Leader RNA - Answer (click here)
6. Coupling Translation to Termination - Answer (click here)
7. RNA Secondary Structure and the Attenuation Mechanism - Answer (click here)
8. Other Attenuated Systems: Operons, Bacillus subtilis and HIV - Answer (click here)

Lambda Phage Genes and Regulatory Circuitry

1. Physical Structure of Lambda - Answer (click here)
2. Genetic Structure of Lambda - Answer (click here)
3. Lysogeny and Immunity - Answer (click here)
4. Lambda’s Relatives and Lambda Hybrids - Answer (click here)
5. Lambda Adsorption to Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Early Transcription of Genes N and Cro - Answer (click here)
7. N Protein and Antitermination of Early Gene Transcription - Answer (click here)
8. Role of Cro Protein - Answer (click here)
9. Initiating DNA Synthesis with the O and P Proteins - Answer (click here)
10. Proteins Kil, γ, β, and Exo - Answer (click here)
11. Q Protein and Late Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
12. Lysis - Answer (click here)
13. Chronology of Becoming a Lysogen - Answer (click here)
14. Site for Cro Repression and CI Activation - Answer (click here)
15. Cooperativity in Repressor Binding and its Measurement - Answer (click here)
16. Need for and the Realization of Hair-Trigger Induction - Answer (click here)
17. Induction from the Lysogenic State - Answer (click here)
18. Entropy, a Basis for Lambda Repressor Inactivation - Answer (click here)

Xenopus 5S RNA Synthesis

1. Biology of 5S RNA Synthesis in Xenopus - Answer (click here)
2. In vitro 5S RNA Synthesis - Answer (click here)
3. TFIIIA Binding to the Middle of its Gene as Well as to RNA - Answer (click here)
4. Switching from Oocyte to Somatic 5S Synthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Function of TFIIIA - Answer (click here)

Regulation of Mating Type in Yeast

1. Regulation of Mating Type in Yeast - Answer (click here)
2. Yeast Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
3. Mating Type Conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Answer (click here)
4. Cloning the Mating Type Loci in Yeast - Answer (click here)
5. Transfer of Mating Type Gene Copies to an Expression Site - Answer (click here)
6. Structure of the Mating Type Loci - Answer (click here)
7. Expression and Recombination Paradoxes - Answer (click here)
8. Silencing HML and HMR - Answer (click here)
9. Isolation of α2 Protein - Answer (click here)
10. α2 and MCM1 - Answer (click here)
11. Sterile Mutants, Membrane Receptors and G Factors - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Cleavage at the MAT Locus - Answer (click here)
13. DNA Strand Inheritance and Switching in Fission Yeast - Answer (click here)

Genes Regulating Development

1. General Considerations on Signaling - Answer (click here)
2. Outline of Early Drosophila Development - Answer (click here)
3. Classical Embryology - Answer (click here)
4. Using Genetics to Begin Study of Developmental Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Cloning Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
6. Enhancer Traps for Detecting and Cloning Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
7. Expression Patterns of Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
8. Similarities Among Developmental Genes - Answer (click here)
9. Overall Model of Drosophila Early Development - Answer (click here)

Lambda Phage Integration and Excision

1. Mapping Integrated Lambda - Answer (click here)
2. Simultaneous Deletion of Chromosomal and Lambda DNA - Answer (click here)
3. DNA Heteroduplexes Prove that Lambda Integrates - Answer (click here)
4. Gene Order Permutation and the Campbell Model - Answer (click here)
5. Isolation of Integration-Defective Mutants - Answer (click here)
6. Isolation of Excision-Deficient Mutants - Answer (click here)
7. Properties of the int and xis Gene Products - Answer (click here)
8. Incorrect Excision and gal and bio Transducing Phage - Answer (click here)
9. Transducing Phage Carrying Genes Other than gal and bio - Answer (click here)
10. Use of Transducing Phage to Study Integration and Excision - Answer (click here)
11. The Double att Phage, att.squ - Answer (click here)
12. Demonstrating Xis is Unstable - Answer (click here)
13. Inhibition By a Downstream Element - Answer (click here)
14. In vitro Assay of Integration and Excision - Answer (click here)
15. Host Proteins Involved in Integration and Excision - Answer (click here)
16. Structure of the att Regions - Answer (click here)
17. Structure of the Intasome - Answer (click here)
18. Holliday Structures and Branch Migration in Integration - Answer (click here)

Transposable Genetic Elements

1. Transposable Genetic Elements - Answer (click here)
2. IS Elements in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. Structure and Properties of IS Elements - Answer (click here)
4. Discovery of Tn Elements - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Properties of Tn Elements - Answer (click here)
6. Inverting DNA Segments by Recombination, Flagellin Synthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Mu Phage As a Giant Transposable Element - Answer (click here)
8. An Invertible Segment of Mu Phage - Answer (click here)
9. In vitro Transposition, Threading or Global Topology? - Answer (click here)
10. Hopping by Tn10 - Answer (click here)
11. Retrotransposons in Higher Cells - Answer (click here)
12. An RNA Transposition Intermediate - Answer (click here)
13. P Elements and Transformation - Answer (click here)
14. P Element Hopping by Chromosome Rescue - Answer (click here)

Generating Genetic Diversity

1. Generating Genetic Diversity: Antibodies - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Adaptive Immune Response - Answer (click here)
3. Telling the Difference Between Foreign and Self - Answer (click here)
4. Number of Different Antibodies Produced - Answer (click here)
5. Myelomas and Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
6. Structure of Antibodies - Answer (click here)
7. Many Copies of V Genes and Only a Few C Genes - Answer (click here)
8. J Regions - Generating Genetic Diversity: Antibodies - Answer (click here)
9. D Regions in H Chains - Answer (click here)
10. Induced Mutations and Antibody Diversity - Answer (click here)
11. Class Switching of Heavy Chains - Answer (click here)
12. Enhancers and Expression of Immunoglobulin Genes - Answer (click here)
13. AIDS Virus - Answer (click here)
14. Engineering Antibody Synthesis in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
15. Assaying for Sequence Requirements of Gene Rearrangements - Answer (click here)
16. Cloning the Recombinase - Answer (click here)

Biological Assembly Ribosomes and Lambda Phage

1. Biological Assembly, Ribosomes and Lambda Phage - Answer (click here)
2. RNAse and Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
3. Global Structure of Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Assembly of Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
5. Experiments with in vitro Ribosome Assembly - Answer (click here)
6. Determining Details of Local Ribosomal Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Lambda Phage Assembly: General Aspects - Answer (click here)
8. Geometry of Capsids - Answer (click here)
9. Structure of the Lambda Particle - Answer (click here)
10. Head Assembly Sequence and Host Proteins - Answer (click here)
11. Packaging the DNA and Formation of the cos Ends - Answer (click here)
12. Formation of the lambda Tail - Answer (click here)
13. In vitro Packaging - Answer (click here)

Chemotaxis

1. Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
2. Assaying Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
3. Fundamental Properties of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
4. Genetics of Motility and Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
5. How Cells Swim - Answer (click here)
6. Mechanism of Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
7. Energy for Chemotaxis - Answer (click here)
8. Adaptation - Answer (click here)
9. Methylation and Adaptation - Answer (click here)
10. Phosphorylation and the Rapid Response - Answer (click here)

Oncogenesis Molecular Aspects

1. Bacterially Induced Tumors in Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Transformation and Oncogenesis by Damaging the Chromosome - Answer (click here)
3. Identifying a Nucleotide Change Causing Cancer - Answer (click here)
4. Retroviruses and Cancer - Answer (click here)
5. Cellular Counterparts of Retroviral Oncogenes - Answer (click here)
6. Identification of the src and sis Gene Products - Answer (click here)
7. DNA Tumor Viruses - Answer (click here)
8. Recessive Oncogenic Mutations, Tumor Suppressors - Answer (click here)
9. ras-fos-jun Pathway - Answer (click here)
10. Directions for Future Research in Molecular Biology - Answer (click here)