Railways and Airports and Harbour Engineering
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Railways and Airports and Harbour Engineering

RAILWAY PLANNING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE(Text Book)

1. Road classification - Answer (click here)
2. Developments in Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
3. Different Modes of Transport - Answer (click here)
4. Organization of Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
5. Indian Railway Finances and their Control - Answer (click here)
6. Commission of Railway Safety - Answer (click here)
7. Long term Corporate Plan of Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
8. Classification of Railway Lines in India - Answer (click here)
9. General Features of Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
10. Important Statistics of Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
11. Undertakings Under Ministry of Railways - Answer (click here)
12. Gauges on World Railways - Answer (click here)
13. Different Gauges on Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
14. Choice of Gauge - Answer (click here)
15. Problems Caused by Change of Gauge - Answer (click here)
16. Uni-gauge Policy of Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
17. Loading and Construction Gauge - Answer (click here)
18. Importance of Good Railway Lines Alignment - Answer (click here)
19. Basic Requirements of an Ideal Alignment of Railway Lines - Answer (click here)
20. Selection of a Good Alignment of Railway Lines - Answer (click here)
21. Mountain Railways and Rack Railways - Answer (click here)
22. Need for Construction of a New Railway Line - Answer (click here)
23. Preliminary Investigations for a New Railway Line - Answer (click here)
24. Types of Railway Construction Surveys - Answer (click here)
25. Railway Traffic Survey - Answer (click here)
26. Railway Reconnaissance Survey - Answer (click here)
27. Railway Preliminary Survey - Answer (click here)
28. Railway Final Location Survey - Answer (click here)
29. Modern Railway Surveying Techniques for Difficult Terrain - Answer (click here)
30. Construction of New Railway Lines - Answer (click here)
31. Track and Track Stresses - Introduction - Answer (click here)
32. Requirements of a Good Railway Track - Answer (click here)
33. Railway Track: Maintenance of Permanent Way - Answer (click here)
34. Railway Track as an Elastic Structure - Answer (click here)
35. Stresses on the Railway Track - Answer (click here)
36. Vertical Loads on Railway - Answer (click here)
37. Forces Acting on the Railway Track - Answer (click here)
38. Coning of Wheels - Answer (click here)
39. Tilting of Rails - Answer (click here)
40. Function of Rails - Answer (click here)
41. Types of Rails - Answer (click here)
42. Requirements for an Ideal Rail Section - Answer (click here)
43. Rail Manufacture - Answer (click here)
44. Rail Wear - Answer (click here)
45. Some Defects in Rails - Answer (click here)
46. Rail Failure - Answer (click here)
47. Rail Flaw Detection - Answer (click here)
48. Theory of Ultrasonic Rail Flaw Detectors - Answer (click here)
49. Kraut Kramer Multi Probe Rail Testing Trolley - Answer (click here)
50. Classification of Rail Flaws - Answer (click here)
51. Ultrasonic Rail Flaw Testing Car - Answer (click here)
52. Self-propelled Ultrasonic Rail Testing Car - Answer (click here)
53. Need-based Concept of USFD Testing - Answer (click here)
54. Functions and Requirements of Sleepers - Answer (click here)
55. Sleeper Density and Spacing of Sleepers - Answer (click here)
56. Types of Sleepers on Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
57. Types of Sleepers on Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
58. Wooden Sleepers - Answer (click here)
59. Steel Channel Sleepers - Answer (click here)
60. Cast Iron Sleepers - Answer (click here)
61. Concrete Sleepers - Answer (click here)
62. Types of concrete sleepers - Answer (click here)
63. Sleepers for Turnouts - Answer (click here)
64. Manufacture of concrete sleepers - Answer (click here)
65. Testing of concrete sleepers - Answer (click here)
66. Concrete sleepers: Handling, Prohibited Locations - Answer (click here)
67. Concrete sleepers: Laying - Answer (click here)
68. Maintenance of Concrete sleepers - Answer (click here)
69. Concrete sleepers: Derailment - Answer (click here)
70. Concrete Sleepers on Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
71. Treated and Untreated Sleepers - Answer (click here)
72. Functions of Ballast - Answer (click here)
73. Types of Ballast - Answer (click here)
74. Sizes of Ballast - Answer (click here)
75. Requirements of a Good Ballast - Answer (click here)
76. Design of Ballast Section - Answer (click here)
77. Specifications for Track Ballast - Answer (click here)
78. Collection and Transportation of Ballasts - Answer (click here)
79. Methods of ballast Measurement - Answer (click here)
80. Laboratory Tests for Physical Properties of Ballast - Answer (click here)
81. Assessment of Ballast Requirements - Answer (click here)
82. Guidelines for Provision of Sub-ballast - Answer (click here)
83. Subgrade and Formation - Answer (click here)
84. Railway Engineering: Slopes of Formation - Answer (click here)
85. Execution of Earthwork in Embankments and Cuttings - Answer (click here)
86. Blanket and Blanketing Material - Answer (click here)
87. Failure of Railway Embankment - Answer (click here)
88. Railway Formation: Site Investigations - Answer (click here)
89. Rail to Rail Fastenings - Answer (click here)
90. Fittings for Wooden Sleepers - Answer (click here)
91. Fittings of Steel Trough Sleepers - Answer (click here)
92. Fittings of CI Sleepers - Answer (click here)
93. Elastic Fastenings - Answer (click here)
94. Some Fittings and Fastenings - Answer (click here)
95. Testing of Fastenings - Answer (click here)
96. Theories for the Development of Creep - Answer (click here)
97. Causes of Creep - Answer (click here)
98. Effects of Creep - Answer (click here)
99. Measurement of Creep - Answer (click here)
100. Adjustment of Creep - Answer (click here)
101. Creep Adjuster - Answer (click here)
102. Portions of Track Susceptible to Creep and Measures to Reduce Creep - Answer (click here)
103. Necessity for Geometric Design of Track - Answer (click here)
104. Gradients of Track - Answer (click here)
105. Railway Engineering Curves and Super elevation: Circular Curves - Answer (click here)
106. Railway Engineering: Superelevation - Answer (click here)
107. Railway Engineering: Safe Speed on Curves - Answer (click here)
108. Railway Engineering:Transition Curve - Answer (click here)
109. Railway Engineering: Compound and Reverse Curve - Answer (click here)
110. Railway Engineering: Extra Clearance on Curves - Answer (click here)
111. Railway Engineering: Widening of Gauge on Curves - Answer (click here)
112. Railway Engineering: Vertical Curves - Answer (click here)
113. Railway Engineering: Realignment of Curves - Answer (click here)
114. Cutting Rails on Curves - Answer (click here)
115. Check Rails on Curves - Answer (click here)
116. Railway Engineering: Points and Crossings - Important Terms - Answer (click here)
117. Railway Engineering: Switches - Answer (click here)
118. Design and Length of Tongue Rails - Answer (click here)
119. Railway Engineering: Crossing - Answer (click here)
120. Number and Angle of Railway Crossing - Answer (click here)
121. Reconditioning of Worn Out Railway Crossings - Answer (click here)
122. Railway Engineering: Turnouts - Answer (click here)
123. Trends in Turnout Design on Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
124. Inspection and Maintenance of Railway Points and Crossings - Answer (click here)
125. Railway Track Junctions: Turnout of Similar and Contrary Flexure - Answer (click here)
126. Railway Track Junctions: Symmetrical Split - Answer (click here)
127. Railway Track Junctions: Three throw Switch - Answer (click here)
128. Railway Track Junctions: Double Turnout - Answer (click here)
129. Crossover Between Two Parallel Railway Tracks with an Intermediate Straight Length - Answer (click here)
130. Railway Track Junctions: Diamond Crossing - Answer (click here)
131. Railway Track Junctions: Scissors Crossover - Answer (click here)
132. Gauntletted Railway Track - Answer (click here)
133. Railway Track Junctions: Gathering Line - Answer (click here)
134. Railway Track Junctions: Triangle - Answer (click here)
135. Railway Track Junctions: Double Junctions - Answer (click here)
136. Ill Effects of a Rail Joint - Answer (click here)
137. Requirements of an Ideal Rail Joint - Answer (click here)
138. Types of Rail Joints - Answer (click here)
139. Welding a Rail Joint methods used on railways - Answer (click here)
140. Gas Pressure Welding - Answer (click here)
141. Electric or Metal Arc Welding - Answer (click here)
142. Flash Butt Welding - Answer (click here)
143. Thermit Welding of Rails - Answer (click here)
144. Recent Developments in Welding Techniques - Answer (click here)
145. Modern Welded Railway Track - Answer (click here)
146. Development of Welded Rails - Answer (click here)
147. Theory of Long Welded Rails - Answer (click here)
148. Prohibited Locations for LWR(Long Welded Rails) - Answer (click here)
149. Track Structure for LWR(Long Welded Rails) - Answer (click here)
150. Rail Temperature and its Measurement - Answer (click here)
151. Maintenance of Long Welded Rails - Answer (click here)
152. Switch Expansion Joint - Answer (click here)
153. Buffer Rails - Answer (click here)
154. Short Welded Rails - Answer (click here)
155. Continuous Welded Rails - Answer (click here)
156. Buckling of Rail Track - Answer (click here)
157. Necessity and Advantages of Track Maintenance - Answer (click here)
158. Essentials of Track Maintenance - Answer (click here)
159. Measuring Equipment and Maintenance Tools for Railway Tracks - Answer (click here)
160. Maintenance of Rail Surface - Answer (click here)
161. Deep Screening of Ballast - Answer (click here)
162. Maintenance of Track in Track-circuited Lengths - Answer (click here)
163. Organization Structure for Railway Track Maintenance - Answer (click here)
164. Protection of Railway Track for Engineering Work - Answer (click here)
165. Patrolling of Railway Tracks - Answer (click here)
166. Railway Track Tolerances - Answer (click here)
167. Need for Proper Track Drainage - Answer (click here)
168. Sources of Percolated Water in the Railway Track - Answer (click here)
169. Requirements of a Good Track Drainage System - Answer (click here)
170. Practical Tips for Good Surface Drainage - Answer (click here)
171. Track Drainage Systems - Answer (click here)
172. Sub surface Drainage - Answer (click here)
173. Modern Methods of Railway Track Maintenance - Answer (click here)
174. Mechanized Methods of Railway Track Maintenance - Answer (click here)
175. Railway: Off-Track Tampers: Use and Limitations - Answer (click here)
176. Principles of Working of Railway On track Tampers - Answer (click here)
177. Future of Track Machines on Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
178. Measured Shovel Packing - Answer (click here)
179. Essentials of MSP(Measured Shovel Packing) - Answer (click here)
180. Advantages and Disadvantages of Measured Shovel Packing - Answer (click here)
181. Equipment Used in Measured Shovel Packing - Answer (click here)
182. Through MSP(Measured Shovel Packing) of Flat Bottomed Sleeper Tracks - Answer (click here)
183. Measured Shovel Packing(MSP) of Joint Wooden Sleepers on Metal Sleeper Track - Answer (click here)
184. Dehogging of Rail Ends - Answer (click here)
185. Measured Shovel Packing(MSP) of Turnouts - Answer (click here)
186. Directed Track Maintenance - Answer (click here)
187. Rehabilitation and Renewal of Track - Answer (click here)
188. Classification of Track Renewal Works - Answer (click here)
189. Criteria for Rail Renewals - Answer (click here)
190. Through Sleeper Renewals - Answer (click here)
191. Execution of Track Renewal or Track Re-laying Work - Answer (click here)
192. Renewal of Rail Track: Mechanized Re-laying - Answer (click here)
193. Track Renewal Trains - Answer (click here)
194. Renewal of Rail Track: Requirement of Track Material - Answer (click here)
195. Train Accidents - Answer (click here)
196. Classification of Railways Accidents - Answer (click here)
197. Derailment and its Causes - Answer (click here)
198. Restoration of Traffic - Answer (click here)
199. Train: Flood Causeway - Answer (click here)
200. Safety Measures on Indian Railways - Answer (click here)
201. Railway Disaster Management - Answer (click here)
202. Classification of Railway Level Crossings - Answer (click here)
203. Dimensions of Railway Level Crossings - Answer (click here)
204. Accidents at Railway Level Crossings and Remedial Measures - Answer (click here)
205. Maintenance of Railway Level Crossings - Answer (click here)
206. Inspection of Level Crossings by PWI and AEN - Answer (click here)
207. Types of Traction - Answer (click here)
208. Railway: Nomenclature of Steam Locomotives - Answer (click here)
209. Railway: Classification of Locomotives - Answer (click here)
210. Railway: Preventive Maintenance of Locomotives - Answer (click here)
211. Railway Rolling Stock - Answer (click here)
212. Rail Brake Systems - Answer (click here)
213. Maintenance of Coaches and Wagons - Answer (click here)
214. Design Features of Modern Coaching and Goods Stock - Answer (click here)
215. Train Resistance Due to Friction - Answer (click here)
216. Train Resistance Due to Wave Action - Answer (click here)
217. Train Resistance Due to Wind - Answer (click here)
218. Train Resistance Due to Gradient - Answer (click here)
219. Train Resistance Due to Curvature - Answer (click here)
220. Train Resistance Due to Starting and Accelerating - Answer (click here)
221. Train Tractive Effort of a Locomotive - Answer (click here)
222. Hauling Power of a Locomotive - Answer (click here)
223. Purpose of a Railway Station - Answer (click here)
224. Selection of Site for a Railway Station - Answer (click here)
225. Facilities Required at Railway Stations - Answer (click here)
226. Requirements of a Passenger Station Yard - Answer (click here)
227. Classification of Railway Stations - Answer (click here)
228. Railway Block Stations - Answer (click here)
229. Functional Classification of Railway Stations - Answer (click here)
230. Railway Station Platforms - Answer (click here)
231. Main Building Areas for Different Types of Railway Stations - Answer (click here)
232. Types of Railway Yards - Answer (click here)
233. Catch Sidings and Slip Sidings - Answer (click here)
234. Equipment at Railway Stations - Answer (click here)
235. Types of Indian Railways platforms - Answer (click here)
236. Equipment at Railway Stations: Locomotive Sheds - Answer (click here)
237. Railways: Layout of Locomotive Sheds - Answer (click here)
238. Railways: Essentials of a Well Laid Out Locomotive Shed - Answer (click here)
239. Ashpits or de-ashing Pits in Railway Stations - Answer (click here)
240. A turntable in Railway Stations - Answer (click here)
241. Construction of New Railway Lines - Answer (click here)
242. Railway Plate Laying or Track Linking - Answer (click here)
243. Requirement of Track Material for BG Track - Answer (click here)
244. Doubling of Railway Lines - Answer (click here)
245. Gauge Conversion - Answer (click here)
246. Execution of Gauge Conversion Projects - Answer (click here)
247. Civil Engineering Works of Gauge Conversion Projects - Answer (click here)
248. Suburban Railways in Metro Cities - Answer (click here)
249. Urban Transport - Answer (click here)
250. Surface Railways - Answer (click here)
251. Underground Railways - Answer (click here)
252. Tube Railways - Answer (click here)
253. The Delhi Ring Railways - Answer (click here)
254. Mass Rapid Transit System in Delhi - Answer (click here)
255. Kolkata Metro Railway - Answer (click here)
256. Mumbai and Chennai Suburban System - Answer (click here)
257. Necessity/Advantages of a Railway Tunnel - Answer (click here)
258. Railway Tunnelling: Tunnel Alignment and Gradient - Answer (click here)
259. Railway Tunnelling: Size and Shape of a Tunnel - Answer (click here)
260. Methods of Railway Tunnelling - Answer (click here)
261. Railway Tunnelling in Hard Rocks - Answer (click here)
262. Railway Tunnelling in Soft Ground or Soft Rock - Answer (click here)
263. Railway Tunnelling Through Water-bearing Strata - Answer (click here)
264. Compressed Air Tunnelling - Answer (click here)
265. Railway Tunnelling: Ventilation of Tunnels - Answer (click here)
266. Railway Tunnelling: Lighting, Drainage, Shaft of Tunnels - Answer (click here)
267. Railway Tunnelling: Lining of Tunnels - Answer (click here)
268. Maintenance of Railway Tunnels - Answer (click here)
269. Safety in Railway Tunnel Construction - Answer (click here)
270. Objectives of Railway Signalling - Answer (click here)
271. Classification of Railway Signals - Answer (click here)
272. Various Types of Fixed Signals used on railways - Answer (click here)
273. Types of Stop Signals used on railways - Answer (click here)
274. Railway Signalling Systems - Answer (click here)
275. Mechanical Signalling System used in Railways - Answer (click here)
276. Electrical Signalling System used in Railways - Answer (click here)
277. Systems for and Methods of Controlling Train Movement - Answer (click here)
278. Railway Interlocking - Answer (click here)
279. Modern Signalling Installations in Railways - Answer (click here)
280. Modernization of Railways and High Speed Trains - Answer (click here)
281. Modernization of Railways - Answer (click here)
282. Effect of High-speed Track - Answer (click here)
283. Vehicle Performance on Track - Answer (click here)
284. High-speed Ground Transportation System - Answer (click here)
285. Ballastless Track - Answer (click here)

RAILWAY

1. Railway Rolling Stock - Answer (click here)
2. Railway Station Planning - Answer (click here)
3. The Evolution of Steam Motive Power - Answer (click here)
4. The Advent and Development of Electric Traction - Answer (click here)
5. Diesel Traction - Answer (click here)
6. Evolution of Wheel Layout - Answer (click here)
7. Changes in Locomotive Maintenance Practices - Answer (click here)
8. Railway Sleeper Functions - Answer (click here)
9. Train Performance Issues on Metros and Light Rail - Answer (click here)
10. Freight Rolling Stock - Answer (click here)
11. Specialised Engineering Rolling Stock - Answer (click here)
12. Materials for Track Ballast - Answer (click here)
13. Prestressed Concrete Sleepers (Monobloc) - Answer (click here)
14. Rail Fastenings, Baseplates and Pads - Answer (click here)
15. Rails - Answer (click here)
16. Rail Wear - Answer (click here)
17. Desirability of Removing Rail Joints - Answer (click here)
18. The Introduction of Track Welding - Answer (click here)
19. Shop Welding to Produce Long Rails - Answer (click here)
20. Site Welding to Produce CWR - Answer (click here)

AIRPORT PLANNING

1. Airport Planning: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. The Airport System Plan - Answer (click here)
3. Airport Site Selection - Answer (click here)
4. The Airport Master Plan - Answer (click here)
5. The Airport Project Plan - Answer (click here)
6. Airport Planning: Land Use Planning - Answer (click here)
7. Airport Planning: Environmental Impact Assessment - Answer (click here)
8. Airport Planning: Economic and Financial Feasibility - Answer (click here)
9. Airport Classification - Answer (click here)
10. Utility Airports and Transport Airports - Answer (click here)
11. Airport Planning: Runways - Answer (click here)
12. Airport Planning: Runways - The Wind Rose - Answer (click here)
13. Estimating Runway Length - Answer (click here)
14. Runway System Geometric Specifications - Answer (click here)
15. Parallel Runway System Spacing - Answer (click here)
16. Airport Planning: Sight Distance and Longitudinal Profile - Answer (click here)
17. Airport Planning: Transverse Gradient - Answer (click here)
18. Taxiways and Taxilanes - Answer (click here)
19. Exit Taxiway Geometry and Location of Exit Taxiways - Answer (click here)

AIRPORT DESIGN

1. Airport: The Requirements for Visual Aids - Answer (click here)
2. The Airport Beacon - Answer (click here)
3. The Aircraft Landing Operation - Answer (click here)
4. Airport: Visual Approach Slope Indicator - Answer (click here)
5. Airport: Runway Lighting - Answer (click here)
6. Airport: Taxiway Lighting - Answer (click here)
7. Runway and Taxiway Marking - Answer (click here)

HARBOUR ENGINEERING

1. harbors: Loading and Unloading Facilities - Answer (click here)
2. harbors: Tank Vessels - Answer (click here)
3. harbors: Loading and Unloading Operations - Answer (click here)
4. Harbors: Loading Factors - Answer (click here)
5. Harbors: Preliminary Procedures before a ship is loaded or unloaded - Answer (click here)
6. Harbors: Preparing Waterfront Operations Log Sheet - Answer (click here)
7. Harbors: Fire And Safety Precautions - Answer (click here)
8. Harbors: Spills - Answer (click here)
9. Safe Handling of Jet Fuel and Kerosene - Answer (click here)
10. Harbors: Loading Procedures - Answer (click here)
11. Harbors: Unloading Procedures - Answer (click here)