Wednesday, 9 May 2018

FUNDAMENTALS OF Database Systems - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers



FUNDAMENTALS OF Database Systems
- Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers




Subject : FUNDAMENTALS OF Database Systems

PART 1 Introduction to Databases

chapter 1 Databases and Database Users

  1. Databases and Database Users - Answer (click here)
  2. An Example - Databases and Database Users - Answer (click here)
  3. Characteristics of the Database Approach - Answer (click here)
  4. Actors on the Scene - Databases and Database Users - Answer (click here)
  5. Workers behind the Scene - Databases and Database Users - Answer (click here)
  6. Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach - Answer (click here)
  7. A Brief History of Database Applications - Answer (click here)
  8. When Not to Use a DBMS - Answer (click here)

chapter 2 Database System Concepts and Architecture

  1. Database System Concepts and Architecture - Answer (click here)
  2. Data Models, Schemas, and Instances - Answer (click here)
  3. Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence - Answer (click here)
  4. Database Languages and Interfaces - Answer (click here)
  5. The Database System Environment - Answer (click here)
  6. Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs - Answer (click here)
  7. Classification of Database Management Systems - Answer (click here)

PART 2 The Relational Data Model and SQL

chapter 3 The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints

  1. The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints - Answer (click here)
  2. Relational Model Concepts - Answer (click here)
  3. Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas - Answer (click here)
  4. Update Operations, Transactions, and Dealing with Constraint Violations - Answer (click here)

chapter 4 Basic SQL

  1. Basic SQL - Answer (click here)
  2. SQL Data Definition and Data Types - Answer (click here)
  3. Specifying Constraints in SQL - Answer (click here)
  4. Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL - Answer (click here)
  5. INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL - Answer (click here)
  6. Additional Features of SQL - Answer (click here)

chapter 5 More SQL Complex Queries Triggers Views and Schema Modification

  1. More SQL: Complex Queries, Triggers, Views, and Schema Modification - Answer (click here)
  2. More Complex SQL Retrieval Queries - Answer (click here)
  3. Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Actions as Triggers - Answer (click here)
  4. Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL - Answer (click here)
  5. Schema Change Statements in SQL - Answer (click here)

chapter 6 The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

  1. The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus - Answer (click here)
  2. Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT - Answer (click here)
  3. Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory - Answer (click here)
  4. Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION - Answer (click here)
  5. Additional Relational Operations - Answer (click here)
  6. Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra - Answer (click here)
  7. The Tuple Relational Calculus - Answer (click here)
  8. The Domain Relational Calculus - Answer (click here)

PART 3 Conceptual Modeling and Database Design

chapter 7 Data Modeling Using the Entity Relationship ER Model

  1. Data Modeling Using the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model - Answer (click here)
  2. Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design - Answer (click here)
  3. A Sample Database Application - Answer (click here)
  4. Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys - Answer (click here)
  5. Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints - Answer (click here)
  6. Weak Entity Types - Answer (click here)
  7. Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database - Answer (click here)
  8. ER Diagrams, Naming Conventions, and Design Issues - Answer (click here)
  9. Example of Other Notation: UML Class Diagrams - Answer (click here)
  10. Relationship Types of Degree Higher than Two - Answer (click here)

chapter 8 The Enhanced Entity Relationship EER MODEL

  1. The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model - Answer (click here)
  2. Subclasses, Superclasses, and Inheritance - Answer (click here)
  3. Specialization and Generalization - Answer (click here)
  4. Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization Hierarchies - Answer (click here)
  5. Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories - Answer (click here)
  6. A Sample UNIVERSITY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions - Answer (click here)
  7. Example of Other Notation: Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class Diagrams - Answer (click here)
  8. Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts - Answer (click here)

chapter 9 Relational Database Design by ER and EER to Relational Mapping

  1. Relational Database Design by ER- and EER-to-Relational Mapping - Answer (click here)
  2. Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping - Answer (click here)
  3. Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations - Answer (click here)

chapter 10 Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams

  1. Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams - Answer (click here)
  2. The Role of Information Systems in Organizations - Answer (click here)
  3. The Database Design and Implementation Process - Answer (click here)
  4. The Database Design and Implementation Process: Phase 1: Requirements Collection and Analysis - Answer (click here)
  5. The Database Design and Implementation Process: Phase 2: Conceptual Database Design - Answer (click here)
  6. The Database Design and Implementation Process: Phase 3: Choice of a DBMS - Answer (click here)
  7. Database Design and Implementation Process: Phase 4: Data Model Mapping (Logical Database Design) - Answer (click here)
  8. Database Design and Implementation Process: Phase 5: Physical Database Design - Answer (click here)
  9. Database Design and Implementation Process: Phase 6: Database System Implementation and Tuning - Answer (click here)
  10. Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design Specification - Answer (click here)
  11. Rational Rose: A UML-Based Design Tool - Answer (click here)
  12. Automated Database Design Tools - Answer (click here)

PART 4 Object Object Relational and XML Concepts Models Languages and Standards

chapter 11 Object and Object Relational Databases

  1. Object and Object-Relational Databases - Answer (click here)
  2. Overview of Object Database Concepts - Answer (click here)
  3. Introduction to Object-Oriented Concepts and Features - Answer (click here)
  4. Object Identity, and Objects versus Literals - Answer (click here)
  5. Complex Type Structures for Objects and Literals - Answer (click here)
  6. Encapsulation of Operations and Persistence of Objects - Answer (click here)
  7. Type Hierarchies and Inheritance - Answer (click here)
  8. Object-Relational Features: Object Database Extensions to SQL - Answer (click here)
  9. The ODMG Object Model and the Object Definition Language ODL - Answer (click here)
  10. Object Database Conceptual Design - Answer (click here)
  11. The Object Query Language OQL - Answer (click here)
  12. Overview of the C++ Language Binding in the ODMG Standard - Answer (click here)

chapter 12 XML Extensible Markup Language

  1. XML: Extensible Markup Language - Answer (click here)
  2. Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data - Answer (click here)
  3. XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model - Answer (click here)
  4. XML Documents, DTD, and XML Schema - Answer (click here)
  5. Storing and Extracting XML Documents from Databases - Answer (click here)
  6. XML Languages - Answer (click here)
  7. Extracting XML Documents from Relational Databases - Answer (click here)

PART 5 Database Programming Techniques

chapter 13 Introduction to SQL Programming TECHNIQUES

  1. Introduction to SQL Programming Techniques - Answer (click here)
  2. Database Programming: Techniques and Issues - Answer (click here)
  3. Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ - Answer (click here)
  4. Retrieving Single Tuples with Embedded SQL - Answer (click here)
  5. Retrieving Multiple Tuples with Embedded SQL Using Cursors - Answer (click here)
  6. Specifying Queries at Runtime Using Dynamic SQL - Answer (click here)
  7. SQLJ: Embedding SQL Commands in Java - Answer (click here)
  8. Retrieving Multiple Tuples in SQLJ Using Iterators - Answer (click here)
  9. Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and JDBC - Answer (click here)
  10. Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM - Answer (click here)
  11. Comparing the Three Approaches - Answer (click here)

chapter 14 Web Database Programming Using PHP

  1. Web Database Programming Using PHP - Answer (click here)
  2. A Simple PHP Example - Answer (click here)
  3. Overview of Basic Features of PHP - Answer (click here)
  4. Overview of PHP Database Programming - Answer (click here)

PART 6 Database Design Theory and Normalization

chapter 15 Basics of Functional Dependencies and Normalization or Relational Databases

  1. Basics of Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases - Answer (click here)
  2. Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas - Answer (click here)
  3. Functional Dependencies - Answer (click here)
  4. Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys - Answer (click here)
  5. General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms - Answer (click here)
  6. Boyce-Codd Normal Form - Answer (click here)
  7. Multivalued Dependency and Fourth Normal Form - Answer (click here)
  8. Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form - Answer (click here)

chapter 16 Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies

  1. Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies - Answer (click here)
  2. Further Topics in Functional Dependencies: Inference Rules, Equivalence, and Minimal Cover - Answer (click here)
  3. Properties of Relational Decompositions - Answer (click here)
  4. Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design - Answer (click here)
  5. About Nulls, Dangling Tuples, and Alternative Relational Designs - Answer (click here)
  6. Further Discussion of Multivalued Dependencies and 4NF - Answer (click here)
  7. Other Dependencies and Normal Forms - Answer (click here)

PART 7 File Structures Indexing and Hashing

chapter 17 Disk Storage Basic File Structures and Hashing

  1. Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing - Answer (click here)
  2. Secondary Storage Devices - Answer (click here)
  3. Buffering of Blocks - Answer (click here)
  4. Placing File Records on Disk - Answer (click here)
  5. Operations on Files - Answer (click here)
  6. Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files) - Answer (click here)
  7. Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files) - Answer (click here)
  8. Hashing Techniques - Answer (click here)
  9. Internal Hashing - Answer (click here)
  10. External Hashing for Disk Files - Answer (click here)
  11. Hashing Techniques That Allow Dynamic File Expansion - Answer (click here)
  12. Other Primary File Organizations - Answer (click here)
  13. Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology - Answer (click here)
  14. New Storage Systems - Answer (click here)

chapter 18 Indexing Structures for Files

  1. Indexing Structures for Files - Answer (click here)
  2. Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes - Answer (click here)
  3. Multilevel Indexes - Answer (click here)
  4. Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees - Answer (click here)
  5. Search Trees and B-Trees - Answer (click here)
  6. B+-Trees - Answer (click here)
  7. Indexes on Multiple Keys - Answer (click here)
  8. Other Types of Indexes - Answer (click here)
  9. Some General Issues Concerning Indexing - Answer (click here)

PART 8 Query Processing and Optimization and Database Tuning

chapter 19 Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization

  1. Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization - Answer (click here)
  2. Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra - Answer (click here)
  3. Algorithms for External Sorting - Answer (click here)
  4. Implementing the SELECT Operation and Algorithms - Answer (click here)
  5. Implementing the JOIN Operation and Algorithms - Answer (click here)
  6. Algorithms for PROJECT and Set Operations - Answer (click here)
  7. Implementing Aggregate Operations and OUTER JOINs - Answer (click here)
  8. Combining Operations Using Pipelining - Answer (click here)
  9. Using Heuristics in Query Optimization - Answer (click here)
  10. Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization - Answer (click here)
  11. Cost Components for Query Execution - Answer (click here)
  12. Catalog Information Used in Cost Functions - Answer (click here)
  13. Examples of Cost Functions for SELECT - Answer (click here)
  14. Examples of Cost Functions for JOIN - Answer (click here)
  15. Multiple Relation Queries and JOIN Ordering - Answer (click here)
  16. Example to Illustrate Cost-Based Query Optimization - Answer (click here)
  17. Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle - Answer (click here)
  18. Semantic Query Optimization - Answer (click here)

chapter 20 Physical Database Design and Tuning

  1. Physical Database Design and Tuning - Answer (click here)
  2. Physical Database Design in Relational Databases - Answer (click here)
  3. Factors That Influence Physical Database Design - Answer (click here)
  4. Physical Database Design Decisions - Answer (click here)
  5. An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems - Answer (click here)

PART 9 Transaction Processing Concurrency Control and Recovery

chapter 21 Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory

  1. Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory - Answer (click here)
  2. Introduction to Transaction Processing - Answer (click here)
  3. Transaction and System Concepts - Answer (click here)
  4. Desirable Properties of Transactions - Answer (click here)
  5. Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability - Answer (click here)
  6. Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability - Answer (click here)
  7. Transaction Support in SQL - Answer (click here)

chapter 22 Concurrency Control Techniques

  1. Concurrency Control Techniques - Answer (click here)
  2. Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control - Answer (click here)
  3. Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering - Answer (click here)
  4. Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques - Answer (click here)
  5. Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques - Answer (click here)
  6. Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking - Answer (click here)
  7. Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes - Answer (click here)
  8. Other Concurrency Control Issues - Answer (click here)

chapter 23 Database Recovery Techniques

  1. Database Recovery Techniques - Answer (click here)
  2. Recovery Concepts - Answer (click here)
  3. NO-UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Deferred Update - Answer (click here)
  4. Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update - Answer (click here)
  5. Shadow Paging - Answer (click here)
  6. The ARIES Recovery Algorithm - Answer (click here)
  7. Recovery in Multidatabase Systems - Answer (click here)
  8. Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures - Answer (click here)

PART 10 Additional Database Topics Security and Distribution

chapter 24 Database Security

  1. Database Security - Answer (click here)
  2. Introduction to Database Security Issues - Answer (click here)
  3. Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges - Answer (click here)
  4. Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security - Answer (click here)
  5. SQL Injection - Answer (click here)
  6. Introduction to Statistical Database Security - Answer (click here)
  7. Introduction to Flow Control - Answer (click here)
  8. Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures - Answer (click here)
  9. Privacy Issues and Preservation - Answer (click here)
  10. Challenges of Database Security - Answer (click here)
  11. Oracle Label-Based Security - Answer (click here)

chapter 25 Distributed Databases

  1. Distributed Databases - Answer (click here)
  2. Distributed Database Concepts - Answer (click here)
  3. Types of Distributed Database Systems - Answer (click here)
  4. Distributed Database Architectures - Answer (click here)
  5. Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design - Answer (click here)
  6. Query Processing and Optimization in Distributed Databases - Answer (click here)
  7. Overview of Transaction Management in Distributed Databases - Answer (click here)
  8. Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases - Answer (click here)
  9. Distributed Catalog Management - Answer (click here)
  10. Current Trends in Distributed Databases - Answer (click here)
  11. Distributed Databases in Oracle - Answer (click here)

PART 11 Advanced Database Models Systems and Applications

chapter 26 Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications

  1. Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications - Answer (click here)
  2. Active Database Concepts and Triggers - Answer (click here)
  3. Temporal Database Concepts - Answer (click here)
  4. Spatial Database Concepts - Answer (click here)
  5. Multimedia Database Concepts - Answer (click here)
  6. Introduction to Deductive Databases - Answer (click here)

chapter 27 Introduction to Information Retrieval and Web Search

  1. Introduction to Information Retrieval and Web Search - Answer (click here)
  2. Information Retrieval (IR) Concepts - Answer (click here)
  3. Retrieval Models - Answer (click here)
  4. Types of Queries in IR Systems - Answer (click here)
  5. Text Preprocessing - Answer (click here)
  6. Inverted Indexing - Answer (click here)
  7. Evaluation Measures of Search Relevance - Answer (click here)
  8. Web Search and Analysis - Answer (click here)
  9. Trends in Information Retrieval - Answer (click here)

chapter 28 Data Mining Concepts

  1. Data Mining Concepts - Answer (click here)
  2. Overview of Data Mining Technology - Answer (click here)
  3. Association Rules - Answer (click here)
  4. Classification - Data Mining - Answer (click here)
  5. Clustering - Answer (click here)
  6. Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems - Answer (click here)
  7. Applications of Data Mining - Answer (click here)
  8. Commercial Data Mining Tools - Answer (click here)

chapter 29 Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP

  1. Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP - Answer (click here)
  2. Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology - Data warehouses - Answer (click here)
  3. Characteristics of Data Warehouses - Answer (click here)
  4. Data Modeling for Data Warehouses - Answer (click here)
  5. Building a Data Warehouse - Answer (click here)
  6. Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse - Answer (click here)
  7. Data Warehouse versus Views - Answer (click here)
  8. Difficulties of Implementing Data Warehouses - Answer (click here)
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