Agriculture and Botany (M.Sc, B.Sc) 
Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Importants questions answers

Botany - (Click Here) 
Plant Biology - (Click Here) 
Biology - (Click Here) 
Introduction to Botany - (Click Here) 
Plant Anatomy - (Click Here) 
Anatomy of Flowering Plants: An Introduction to Structure and Development - (Click Here) 
Biology laboratory Practicals - (Click Here) 
Plant Biochemistry - (Click Here) 


Subject : Botany

BIODIVERSITY

1. Taxonomy and Phylogeny - Answer (click here)
2. Two Kingdom System of Classification - Answer (click here)
3. The Five Kingdom System of Classification - Answer (click here)
4. Viruses - Introduction And General characteristics - Answer (click here)
5. Viruses : Size, Shape And Structure of a Virus - Answer (click here)
6. Classification of virus - Answer (click here)
7. Lytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage - Answer (click here)
8. Plant viral disease : Bunchy top of banana, HIV, cancer, SARS Virion - Answer (click here)
9. A new disease called SARS Virion - Answer (click here)
10. Bacteria : Introduction, Occurrence, Size - Answer (click here)
11. Classification of bacteria based on the shape and arrangement - Answer (click here)
12. Flagellation in Bacteria - Answer (click here)
13. Nutrition in Plant Bacteria - Answer (click here)
14. Respiration in Plant Bacteria - Answer (click here)
15. Reproduction of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
16. Harmful activities of Bacteria in Plants, Animal, Human beings - Answer (click here)
17. Beneficial Activities of Bacteria - Answer (click here)
18. Fungi : Salient and Distinguishing Features, Structure, Nutrition, Saprotrophs - Answer (click here)
19. Fungai : Saprotrophs and Parasites - Answer (click here)
20. Fungi Symbiosis - Answer (click here)
21. Classification of Fungi - Answer (click here)
22. Economic importance of Fungi : Useful and Harmful aspects of fungi - Answer (click here)
23. Mucor : Occurrence, Reproduction, Somatic structure - Answer (click here)
24. Algae : Salient Features, Occurrence and Distribution, Thallus organization - Answer (click here)
25. Algae : Cell Structure & Pigmentation - Answer (click here)
26. Algea : Arranagement of Flagella - Answer (click here)
27. Algea Reproduction : 1. Vegetative 2. Asexual 3. Sexual - Answer (click here)
28. Classification of Algea - Answer (click here)
29. Economic Importance of Algae - Food, Agriculture, Industry, space travel, Single cell protein, Sewage Disposal - Answer (click here)
30. Harmful effects of Algae - Answer (click here)
31. Spirogyra : Detail, Occurrence, Structure - Answer (click here)
32. Algea : Reproduction - Answer (click here)
33. Bryophytes : Salient and Distinguishing features of Bryophytes - Answer (click here)
34. Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - Answer (click here)
35. Classification of Bryophyta - Answer (click here)
36. Riccia And The structure of mature gametophyte - Answer (click here)
37. Reproduction of Riccia - Answer (click here)
38. Riccia - Fertilization, Sporophyte Generation - Answer (click here)
39. Life cycle of Riccia - Answer (click here)
40. Pteridophytes : Salient features and Salient features - Answer (click here)
41. Characteristics of Pteridophytes and Economic importance - Answer (click here)
42. Morphology of sporophyte - Answer (click here)
43. Anatomy of Nephrolepsis - Answer (click here)
44. Reproduction of Nephrolepsis - Answer (click here)
45. Nephrolepsis : Fertilization - Answer (click here)
46. Classification and Characteristic of Spermatophytes(Gymnosperms) - Answer (click here)
47. Salient features and Distinguishing features of Gymnosperms - Answer (click here)
48. Cycas - Morphology of sporophyte - Answer (click here)
49. Anatomy of Cycas - Answer (click here)
50. Cycas - Reproduction - Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY

1. A brief history about the discovery of cells - Answer (click here)
2. Dynamic nature of cell , Difference Between Plant Cell And Animal cell - Answer (click here)
3. Development of Cell Theory And Exception to cell Theory - Answer (click here)
4. prokaryotic cell And Ultra structure of a prokaryotic cell - Answer (click here)
5. Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
6. Different Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant Cells) - Answer (click here)
7. Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM - Transmission Electron Microscopy & SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope ) - Answer (click here)
8. Formation of the cell wall - Answer (click here)
9. Structure of the cell wall - Answer (click here)
10. Plasmodesmata, pits and Functions of cell wall - Answer (click here)
11. Ultra structure of the cell membrane - Fluid mosaic Model, Lipids, Proteins - Answer (click here)
12. Functions of plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
13. Cell Membrane Transport - Answer (click here)
14. List of Plant Cell Organelles - Answer (click here)
15. Plant Cell Nucleus And Functions of Plant Cell Nucleus - Answer (click here)
16. Plant Cell Mitochondria - Power house of the cell - Answer (click here)
17. Plant Cell Plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts - Answer (click here)
18. Plant Cell : Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
19. Plant Cell Division - Cell Cycle 1.Amitosis 2.Mitosis 3. Meiosis - Answer (click here)
20. Cell Division : Mitotic cell cycle : 1.Prophase 2. Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4. Telophase - Answer (click here)
21. Cell Division - Meiosis Cell Cycle : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase - Answer (click here)

PLANT MORPHOLOGY

1. Morphology of flowering plants or Angiosperms - short notes - Answer (click here)
2. Plant - Root System : Regions of a typical root and General Characteristic features of the root - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Root System And Functions of roots - Answer (click here)
4. Root Modifications for Taproot, adventitious roots - Answer (click here)
5. Characteristic features and Functions of the stem - Answer (click here)
6. Modifications of stem : 1. Aerial modifications 2. Sub aerial modifications 3. Under ground modifications - Answer (click here)
7. Parts of a Leaf : 1. Leaf base 2. Petiole 3. Lamina - Answer (click here)
8. Leaf Venation : Reticulate, Parallel : Pinnately, Palmately - Answer (click here)
9. Leaf Modification - Answer (click here)
10. Inflorescence : Racemose, Cymose, Mixed and Special types - Answer (click here)
11. FLOWER - A Metamorphosed Shoot : Evidences to support that flower is a modified shoot - Answer (click here)
12. Description of a flower - Answer (click here)
13. Types of Placentation : Axile,Marginal, Parietal, Basal, Superficial Placentation - Answer (click here)
14. Androecium And Gynoecium - Answer (click here)
15. Plant Aestivation And Types of Aestivation - Answer (click here)
16. Corolla : Shape of the petals in the corolla and Forms of Corolla - Answer (click here)
17. Calyx : Variations and Duration of calyx - Answer (click here)
18. The receptacle (thalamus) : Variation of the Receptacle, Insertion of floral leaves on the thalamus - Answer (click here)
19. Parts of a flower - Answer (click here)
20. Fruit : Types and Structure of fruit - Answer (click here)
21. Simple fleshy fruits : baccate,drupaceous - Berry, Drupe, Hesperidium, Pepo, Pomo - Answer (click here)
22. Simple Dry Fruits - .1. Dehiscent 2. Schizocarpic 3. Indehiscent - Answer (click here)
23. aggregate and multiple or composite fruits - Answer (click here)
24. Structure and Types of Seed - Answer (click here)
25. Structure of gram seed - Answer (click here)
26. Structure of Maize Grain - Answer (click here)

GENETICS

1. GENETICS : Concept of Heredity and Variation - Answer (click here)
2. Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance - Answer (click here)
3. Intermediate Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance) - Answer (click here)
4. Epistasis - Gene Interaction - Answer (click here)
5. Inheritance Laws of Mendel - Answer (click here)
6. Biography of Mendel And Mendel's Experiments on Mendel's Laws of Inheritance - Answer (click here)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

1. Cell as a Physiological Unit - Answer (click here)
2. Properties of Protoplasm : The Physical and Chemical Nature - Answer (click here)
3. Cell - Water Relations - Answer (click here)
4. Cells : Absorption and Movement - Imbibition, Diffusion - Answer (click here)
5. Demonstration of Osmosis - Potato Osmoscope - Answer (click here)
6. Plasmolysis and Significance of Plasmolysis - Answer (click here)
7. Plant Cells : Permeability and Water Potential - Answer (click here)
8. Water Transport in Plant - Answer (click here)
9. Transpiration Pull Theory in plant water transport - Answer (click here)
10. Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration in Plant - Answer (click here)
11. Structure of Stoma and Mechanism of Stomatal Opening and Closing - Answer (click here)
12. Factors Affecting Stomatal Movement - Answer (click here)
13. Functions of Minerals Nutrition - Answer (click here)
14. Hydroponics : Advantages and Disavantagges of Hydroponics - Answer (click here)
15. Essential Major Elements and Trace Elements for Plant - Answer (click here)
16. Plant Physiological Role and Deficiency Symptoms of Mineral Elements - Answer (click here)
17. Theories of Translocation for Plant : Passive absorption and Active Absorption - Answer (click here)
18. Plant Physiology : Translocation of Solutes - Answer (click here)
19. Plant Physiology : Nitrogen Metabolism - Answer (click here)
20. Plant Movements : Movements of locomotion and curvature - Answer (click here)
21. Geotropism - Answer (click here)
22. Phototropism And Turgor Growth Movements - Answer (click here)

REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY

1. Reproduction in Angiosperms : Vegetative Propagation - Answer (click here)
2. Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation : Root, Stem, Leaves - Answer (click here)
3. Advantages of Vegetative propagation - Answer (click here)
4. Artificial Method of Vegetative Propagation : Cuttings, Grafting - Answer (click here)
5. Reproduction in Angiosperm : Micropropagation - Answer (click here)
6. Self Pollination - Sexual Reproduction : 1. autogamy 2. geitonogamy - Answer (click here)
7. Cross Pollination (Xenogamy, Allogamy) - Sexual Reproduction - Answer (click here)
8. Development of male and female gametophyte - Answer (click here)
9. Development of female gametophyte : Megasporophyll, Megasporangium or ovule, Megasporogenesis - Answer (click here)
10. Types of Plant Ovule - Answer (click here)
11. Plant Reproduction : Double fertilization - Answer (click here)
12. Development of dicot embryo - Answer (click here)
13. Parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy - Answer (click here)
14. Germination of Seed : Parts of Seed - Answer (click here)
15. Process of seed germination - Answer (click here)
16. Types of seed germination : Epigeal, Hypogeal germination, Vivipary - Answer (click here)
17. Factors necessary for seed gamination - Answer (click here)
18. Abscission and Importance of Abscission - Answer (click here)
19. senescence : Types, Physiology , Importance of senescence - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

1. Organisms and their Environment - Answer (click here)
2. Organisms : Environmental Climatic Factors - Answer (click here)
3. Organisms : Environment : Edaphic Factors - Answer (click here)
4. Organisms : Environmental factors - Climatic, Edaphic, Biotic - Answer (click here)
5. Relationships among Organisms : Positive and Negative Interactions - Answer (click here)
6. Hydrophytes And Classification of Hydrophytes - Answer (click here)
7. Morphological and Anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes - Answer (click here)
8. Xerophytes and Classification of Xerophytes - Answer (click here)
9. Morphological, Anatomical and Physiological Adaptations of Xerophytes - Answer (click here)
10. Mesophytes - Answer (click here)
11. natural resources and Types of natural resources - Answer (click here)
12. Sources of Energy resources - Answer (click here)
13. Conservation of Energy - Answer (click here)
14. Forest Resources - Answer (click here)
15. Social Forestry and Conservation of Forests - Answer (click here)
16. Conservation of Water and Types of Harvesting Rainwater - Answer (click here)

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS : Types of classification - Answer (click here)
2. Biosystematics nomenclature - Answer (click here)
3. Binomial nomenclature - Answer (click here)
4. Herbaria and uses, Importance of Herbaria - Answer (click here)
5. Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants : Dicotyledonae, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae - Answer (click here)
6. Merits and Demerits of Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants - Answer (click here)
7. DICOT FAMILIES : MALVACEAE - the cotton family - Answer (click here)
8. Botanical description of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Answer (click here)
9. FABACEAE - the bean family - Answer (click here)
10. Botanical description and Economical of Clitoria ternatea - Answer (click here)
11. RUBIACEAE - the coffee family - Answer (click here)
12. Botanical description and Economic Importance of Ixora coccinea - Answer (click here)
13. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower family - Answer (click here)
14. Botanical description and Economic importance of Tridax procumbens - Answer (click here)
15. SOLANACEAE - the potato family - Answer (click here)
16. Botanical description and Economic importance of Datura metal - Answer (click here)
17. EUPHORBIACEAE - the castor family - Answer (click here)
18. Botanical description and Economic importance of Ricinus communis - Answer (click here)
19. MUSACEAE - the banana family Systematic position - Answer (click here)
20. Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa paradisiaca - Answer (click here)
21. ARECACEAE - the palm family - Answer (click here)
22. Botanical description and Economic importance of Cocos nucifera - Answer (click here)

PLANT ANATOMY

1. Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue - Answer (click here)
3. Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma - Answer (click here)
4. Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem - Answer (click here)
5. Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres - Answer (click here)
6. Epidermal tissue system and its functions - Answer (click here)
7. Vascular tissue system - Answer (click here)
8. Ground or fundamental tissue system - Answer (click here)
9. Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root - Answer (click here)
10. Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root - Answer (click here)
11. Primary structure of monocot stem - Maize stem - Answer (click here)
12. Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem - Sunflower stem - Answer (click here)
13. Anatomy of a dicot leaf - Sunflower leaf - Answer (click here)
14. Anatomy of a monocot leaf - Grass leaf - Answer (click here)
15. Secondary growth in dicot stem - Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

1. Structure of chromosome - Answer (click here)
2. Types of chromosomes - Answer (click here)
3. Special types of chromosomes - Answer (click here)
4. Gene and genome - Answer (click here)
5. Linkage and crossing over - Answer (click here)
6. Significance of crossing over and Uses of gene mapping - Answer (click here)
7. Recombination of chromosome - Answer (click here)
8. Gene mutation : Significance, Classification, Mutagenic agents - Answer (click here)
9. Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Answer (click here)
10. Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Answer (click here)
11. Hereditary role of DNA - Bacterial transformation - Answer (click here)
12. Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
13. Function and Replication of DNA - Answer (click here)
14. Structure of RNA and its types - Answer (click here)
15. Characteristics of genetic code and Central dogma of molecular biology - Answer (click here)

BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Recombinant DNA technology - Answer (click here)
2. Gene transfer in plants - Answer (click here)
3. How DNA is cut? - Answer (click here)
4. Transgenic plants : foreign gene, Transgenic (modified) plants - Answer (click here)
5. Practical application of genetic transformation - Answer (click here)
6. Use of genetically engineered bacterial strain - Answer (click here)
7. Concept of Plant tissue culture - Answer (click here)
8. Applications of plant tissue culture - Answer (click here)
9. Basic techniques of plant tissue culture - Answer (click here)
10. Protoplast fusion : Isolation of protoplast - Mechanical and Enzymatic method - Answer (click here)
11. Single cell protein (SCP) - Answer (click here)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

1. Enzymes : Classification, Properties of Enzymes - Answer (click here)
2. Theories explaining the mechanism of enzyme action - Answer (click here)
3. Significance of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
4. Site of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
5. Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, Mechanism of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
6. EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : 1.Ganong's light screen 2.Test tube and funnel experiment - Answer (click here)
7. Plant Mode of nutrition - Answer (click here)
8. Chemosynthesis - Chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs - Answer (click here)
9. Plant Respiration and structure of ATP - Answer (click here)
10. Plant Respiration : Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
11. Plant Respiration : Krebs cycle and Significance of Krebs cycle - Answer (click here)
12. Plant Respiration : Electron transport chain - Answer (click here)
13. Plant Respiration : Pentose phosphate pathway - Answer (click here)
14. Kuhne's fermentation tube experiment - Answer (click here)
15. Plant growth and Measurement of plant growth - Answer (click here)
16. auxins and Physiological effects of auxin - Answer (click here)
17. Gibberellins and Physiological effects of gibberellin - Answer (click here)
18. Physiological effects of cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid - Answer (click here)
19. Photoperiodism and vernalization - Answer (click here)

BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

1. BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE : Food production - Answer (click here)
2. Plant breeding : Aims, Major Aspects of plant breeding - Answer (click here)
3. Plant Breeding : Selection - Answer (click here)
4. Plant Breeding : Hybridization, Mutation breeding - Answer (click here)
5. Plant breeding : Genetic engineering - Answer (click here)
6. Role of biofertilizers and Benefits from biofertilizers - Answer (click here)
7. Plant Disease in Rice - Oryza sativa - Answer (click here)
8. Plant Tikka disease in Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogea - Answer (click here)
9. Citrus canker and Tungro disease of rice - Answer (click here)
10. Biopesticides and Biocontrol of insect pests - Answer (click here)
11. Genetically modified food : Edible, Edible, Edible antibodies - Answer (click here)
12. Bio-war - Answer (click here)
13. Bio-piracy - Answer (click here)
14. Bio-patent - Answer (click here)
15. Sustained agriculture - Answer (click here)
16. Medicinal plants including microbes - Answer (click here)
17. Commonly available medicinal plants and microbes - Answer (click here)
18. Economic importance Plants : Food, Rice, Oil, Fibre, Timber yielding plant - Answer (click here)

Subject : Plant Biology

Introduction

1. Plant Biology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. What is a plant? - Answer (click here)
3. Unifying features of plants - Answer (click here)

The plant cell

1. Structure of the plant cell - Answer (click here)

Structure

1. Structure of Plant cell wall - Answer (click here)
2. Structure of Plant cell Plastids and mitochondria - Answer (click here)
3. Structure of Plant cell Membranes - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of Plant Nucleus and genome - Answer (click here)
5. Plant Cell division - Answer (click here)
6. Vegetative anatomy of Meristems and primary tissues - Answer (click here)

Vegetative anatomy

1. Vegetative anatomy of Roots - Answer (click here)
2. Vegetative anatomy of Herbaceous stems and primary growth - Answer (click here)
3. Vegetative anatomy of Woody stems and secondary growth - Answer (click here)
4. Vegetative anatomy of Leaves - Answer (click here)

Reproductive anatomy

1. Reproductive anatomy of flower - Answer (click here)
2. Reproductive anatomy of Pollen and ovules - Answer (click here)
3. Reproductive anatomy of the seed - Answer (click here)
4. Reproductive anatomy of Fruits - Answer (click here)

Physiology and regulation

1. Arabidopsis and other model plants - Physiology and regulation - Answer (click here)
2. Methods in experimental plant science - Physiology and regulation - Answer (click here)

Growth and development

1. Features of Plant growth and development - Answer (click here)
2. Biochemistry of plant growth regulation - Answer (click here)
3. Auxins: Hormones in plants - Answer (click here)
4. Ethylene: Hormones in plants - Answer (click here)
5. Gibberellins: Hormones in plants - Answer (click here)
6. Cytokinins: Hormones in plants - Answer (click here)
7. Abscisic acid: Hormones in plants - Answer (click here)
8. Molecular action of hormones and intracellular messengers - Answer (click here)

Sensing and responding to the environment

1. Phytochrome, photoperiodism and photomorphogenesis - Answer (click here)
2. Tropisms - Answer (click here)
3. Nastic responses - Answer (click here)
4. Abscission - Answer (click here)
5. Stress avoidance and adaptation - Answer (click here)

Floral development and reproductive physiology

1. Plant Physiology of floral initiation and development - Answer (click here)
2. Plant Breeding systems - Answer (click here)
3. Plant Self incompatibility and its Types - Answer (click here)
4. Seed development, dormancy and germination - Answer (click here)

Plants water and mineral nutrition

1. Plants and water - Answer (click here)
2. Water retention and stomata - Answer (click here)
3. Movement of nutrient ions across membranes in plant - Answer (click here)
4. Uptake of mineral nutrients by plants - Answer (click here)
5. Functions of mineral nutrients - Answer (click here)

Metabolism

1. Photosynthetic pigments and the nature of light - Answer (click here)
2. Major reactions of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
3. C3 and C4 plants and CAM - Answer (click here)
4. Respiration and carbohydrate metabolism - Answer (click here)
5. Amino acid, lipid, polysaccharide and secondary product metabolism - Answer (click here)

Plant communities and populations

1. Physical factors and plant distribution - Answer (click here)
2. Plant communities - Answer (click here)
3. Ecology of different growth forms - Answer (click here)
4. Plant Populations - Answer (click here)
5. Contributions to carbon balance and atmosphere - Answer (click here)

Reproductive ecology

1. Ecology of flowering and pollination - Answer (click here)
2. Seed ecology - Answer (click here)
3. Regeneration and establishment - Answer (click here)
4. Polymorphisms and population genetics - Answer (click here)

Interactions between plants and other organisms

1. Mycorrhiza - Answer (click here)
2. Nitrogen fixation in Plant Biology - Answer (click here)
3. Interactions between plants and animals - Answer (click here)
4. Fungal pathogens and endophytes - Answer (click here)
5. Bacteria, mycoplasma, viruses and heterokonts - Answer (click here)
6. Parasites and saprophytes - Answer (click here)
7. Carnivorous plants - Answer (click here)

Human uses of plants

1. Plants as food - Answer (click here)
2. Uses of Plants for construction - Answer (click here)
3. Uses of Plants in medicine - Answer (click here)
4. Uses of Plants: Uses of secondary compounds, Plants as symbols, Horticulture - Answer (click here)
5. Bioremediation - Answer (click here)

Plant genetic engineering and biotechnology

1. Plant breeding - Answer (click here)
2. Plant cell and tissue culture - Answer (click here)
3. Plant genetic engineering - Answer (click here)

Plant diversity

1. Diversity and life cycles - Answer (click here)
2. The algae - Answer (click here)
3. Bryophytes: Vegetative structure, Water relations, Interactions, Human uses - Answer (click here)
4. Reproduction in Bryophytes - Answer (click here)

Spore bearing vascular plants

1. Early evolution, Origins and Life cycle of vascular plants - Answer (click here)
2. Clubmosses and horsetails - Answer (click here)
3. Vegetative structure of Lycopsida - Answer (click here)
4. Reproduction and Gametophyte in Lycopsida - Answer (click here)
5. Fossil Lycopsida - Answer (click here)
6. Vegetative structure of Equisetopsida - Answer (click here)
7. Reproduction and Gametophyte in Equisetopsida - Answer (click here)
8. Fossil Equisetopsida - Answer (click here)
9. The ferns - Answer (click here)
10. General characteristics of ferns - Answer (click here)
11. Eusporangiate ferns - Answer (click here)
12. Typical leptosporangiate ferns - Answer (click here)
13. Water ferns - Answer (click here)
14. The gametophyte of ferns - Answer (click here)
15. Ecology of ferns - Answer (click here)
16. Fossil ferns - Answer (click here)
17. Evolution of the seed: Progymnospermopsida, Seed plants - Answer (click here)

Seed plants

1. Early seed plants: Pteridosperms, fossil seed, Bennettitales and Caytoniales - Answer (click here)
2. Conifers: Ecology, human uses, Male and Female reproductive structures, Fertilization and the seed, Stems and roots, Leaves - Answer (click here)
3. Male and Female reproductive structures of Conifers - Answer (click here)
4. Cycads and Reproduction in cycads - Answer (click here)
5. Ginkgo and Reproduction in ginkgo - Answer (click here)
6. Gnetales and Reproduction in the Gnetales - Answer (click here)
7. Evolution of flowering plants - Answer (click here)
8. Origin of the flower - Answer (click here)
9. The earliest flowering plants - Answer (click here)
10. Early and Later evolution of flowering plants - Answer (click here)
11. Specialization in flowers - Answer (click here)
12. Evolution of vegetative structure, fruits and seeds - Answer (click here)
13. Classification and Three families of flowering plants - Answer (click here)
14. Mechanisms of Seed plants evolution - Answer (click here)

Subject : Biology

Introduction to Biology

1. Introduction to Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Principal Branches of Biology - Answer (click here)
3. Great scientists in Biology - Answer (click here)
4. Characteristics of Plants and Animals - Answer (click here)
5. Role of Biology in Social, Economic and Environmental Development - Answer (click here)
6. Nature and Origin of Life - Answer (click here)

Structure and Nature of Living Cell

1. Structure and Nature of Living Cell - Answer (click here)
2. Plasma membrane or Cell membrane: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click here)
3. Cytoplasm: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click here)
4. Nucleus: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click here)
5. Structure and Functions of Chloroplast - Answer (click here)
6. Structure and Functions of Golgi bodies/Golgi apparatus - Answer (click here)

Cell Division

1. Types of cell division - Answer (click here)
2. Stages of Mitosis - Answer (click here)
3. Significance of Mitosis - Answer (click here)
4. Abnormal cell division - Answer (click here)
5. Male-Female determining chromosome - Answer (click here)

Division of Labour In Multicellular Plants

1. Types of Tissue - Answer (click here)
2. Characrteristics of Meristamatic tissues - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics of Permanent tissue - Answer (click here)
4. Types of permanent tissue - Answer (click here)
5. Laticiferous tissues and Glandular tissues - Answer (click here)
6. Tissue System and types of Tissue System - Answer (click here)
7. Types of Simple permanent tissue and its Functions - Answer (click here)
8. Types of Complex permanent tissue and its Functions - Answer (click here)

Animal Tissue Organ and Organ System

1. Animal Tissue, Organ and Organ System - Answer (click here)
2. Differences between Tissue and Cell - Answer (click here)
3. Types of Tissues - Answer (click here)
4. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of Epithelial Tissue - Answer (click here)
5. Structural Characteristics, Functions and Location of Connective Tissue - Answer (click here)
6. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of The Muscular Tissue - Answer (click here)
7. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of The Nerve Tissue - Answer (click here)
8. Necessary Organs of Human Body - Answer (click here)
9. Co-ordination between Organs and Systems to keep the body fit - Answer (click here)

Classification of Plants

1. Classification of Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Unit of Plants classification and Taxa - Answer (click here)
3. Virus - Answer (click here)
4. Bacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Algae - Answer (click here)
6. Fungi: Structure and Reproduction - Answer (click here)
7. Bryophyta: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
8. Pteridophyta: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
9. Gymnosperm: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
10. Monocotyledonous or Monocot plants:: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
11. Dicotyledonous or Dicot Plants: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)

Animal Diversity and Classification

1. Animal Diversiy - Answer (click here)
2. Short Description of Diversification or Bio-Diversity - Answer (click here)
3. Animal Taxonomy - Answer (click here)
4. Necessity of Animal Classification - Answer (click here)
5. Rules for Modern or Natural Classification in Animal Diversity - Answer (click here)
6. Plylum - Sarcomastigophorea Kingdom - Protista - Answer (click here)
7. Phylum - Cnidaria - Answer (click here)
8. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here)
9. Phylum Nematoda - Answer (click here)
10. Plylum Annelida - Answer (click here)
11. Phylum Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
12. Phylum Mollusca - Answer (click here)
13. Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here)
14. Phylum chordata - Answer (click here)

Structural Organization and Acquaintance of Animals

1. Amoeba: Habit and Habitat - Answer (click here)
2. Body structure of Amoeba and its functions - Answer (click here)
3. Amoeba Locomotion - Answer (click here)
4. Amoeba: Process of intake of food or Nutrition - Answer (click here)
5. Amoeba: Digestion, Absorption and Egestion - Answer (click here)
6. Amoeba: Respiration, Excretion - Answer (click here)
7. Reproduction of Amoeba: Binary fission and Sporulation - Answer (click here)
8. Round Worm: External morphology and Habitat - Answer (click here)
9. Round Worm: Digestive system - Answer (click here)
10. Round Worm: Parasite and its Characteristics - Answer (click here)
11. Round Worm: Excretory System - Answer (click here)
12. Round Worm: Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
13. Round Worm: Ascariasis disease and its symptoms, Prevention - Answer (click here)
14. Toad: Habit, Habitat - Answer (click here)
15. External morphology of Toad - Answer (click here)
16. Skeletal system of Toad - Answer (click here)
17. Toad: Axial skeleton and its functions - Answer (click here)
18. Toad: Vertebral column and its functions - Answer (click here)
19. Toad: Appendicular skeleton(Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle) and its functions - Answer (click here)
20. Toad: Digestive system - Answer (click here)
21. Toad: Nutrition and Digestion - Answer (click here)
22. Toad: Circulatory system - Answer (click here)
23. Toad: Blood(Plasma and Blood corpuscles) - Answer (click here)
24. Toad: Heart - Answer (click here)
25. Toad: Blood vessels(Artery, Vein and Capillary) - Answer (click here)
26. Toad: Venous system - Answer (click here)
27. Toad: Respiratory system - Answer (click here)
28. Toad: Glucose oxidation and energy production, Glycolysis and Kreb's cycle - Answer (click here)
29. Toad: Nervous system - Answer (click here)
30. Toad: Structure of brain - Answer (click here)
31. Toad: Cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
32. Toad: Excretory system - Answer (click here)
33. Toad: Reproductives system - Answer (click here)

Physiological Activities in Plants Nutrition

1. Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Elements - Answer (click here)
2. Imbibition - Answer (click here)
3. Osmosis: Two types, Condition, Experiment, Absorption - Answer (click here)
4. Ascent of Sap - Answer (click here)
5. Transpiration and Types of Transpiration - Answer (click here)
6. Stomata: Process of Stomatal Tranpiration and Factors affecting - Answer (click here)
7. Photosynthesis: Process, Organ, Factors Affecting, Importance - Answer (click here)
8. Importance of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
9. Some Experiments on Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Experiment to demonstrate that Oxygen is evolved during Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Experiment to show that photosynthesis do not occur without chlorophyll - Answer (click here)
12. Experiment to show that light is essential for Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
13. Experiment to show that photosynthesis cannot occur without CO2 - Answer (click here)
14. Evolution of O2 during photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Respiration: Respiratory substrate, Types of respiration - Answer (click here)
16. Importance of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration - Answer (click here)
17. Factors Affecting Respiration - Answer (click here)
18. Experiment to prove that Heat is evolved during Respiration - Answer (click here)
19. Experiment of Anaerobic Respiration - Answer (click here)
20. Growth and Development of Plant - Answer (click here)
21. Tropism - Answer (click here)
22. Effect of Light and Temperature on Plant Growth and Yield - Answer (click here)
23. Importance of photoperiodism and Vernalization - Answer (click here)

Flower

1. Different Parts of a Flower(Datura Flower) - Answer (click here)
2. Different kinds of Flower - Answer (click here)

Pollination Fertilization And Dispersal of Fruits and seeds

1. Pollination: Two types, Significance, Merits, Demerits - Answer (click here)
2. Pollinating Agents: Types and Characteristics - Answer (click here)
3. Fertilization in Plant - Answer (click here)
4. Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds - Answer (click here)

Reproduction of Plants

1. Reproduction of Plants and itsTypes - Answer (click here)

Organism and Environment

1. Organism and Environment - Answer (click here)
2. Components of Ecology - Answer (click here)
3. Food chain - Answer (click here)
4. Food web - Answer (click here)
5. Nutrient flow in Eco system - Answer (click here)
6. Energy flow in Ecosystem - Answer (click here)
7. Major Eco systems - Answer (click here)
8. Responsibility of man in maintaining balance of an environment - Answer (click here)

Pollution and Conservation of Environment

1. Pollution and Conservation of Environment - Answer (click here)
2. Green House Effect - Answer (click here)
3. Role of Human beings in conservation of Environment - Answer (click here)
4. Effect of Urbanization and Industrialisation on Environment - Answer (click here)
5. Industrialisation is mainly of two types - Answer (click here)

Natural Diversities of Bangladesh Distribution of Plants and Animals

1. Natural Diversities of Bangladesh-Distribution of Plants and Animals - Answer (click here)
2. Recent flood plain - Answer (click here)
3. Haor and other Marshy lands - Answer (click here)
4. Pleistocene uplands - Answer (click here)
5. Tertiary hilly region - Answer (click here)
6. Coastal Forest or Mangrove forest - Answer (click here)
7. Saint Martin's Island - Answer (click here)

Economic Biology Botany

1. Food producing plants - Answer (click here)
2. Cloth producing plants - Answer (click here)
3. Plants used for house building purposes - Answer (click here)
4. Medicinal Plants - Answer (click here)
5. Beverage yielding plants - Answer (click here)

Economic Biology

1. Prawn Culture: Economic importance and Kinds of prawn - Answer (click here)
2. Method of culture of fresh water prawn or Galda prawn - Answer (click here)
3. Method of culture of saline water prawn or Bagda prawn - Answer (click here)
4. Introduction of fishes - Answer (click here)
5. Importance of fish cultivation - Answer (click here)
6. Method of fish culture - Answer (click here)
7. Culture of silk worms or sericulture - Answer (click here)
8. Characteristics of silk fibers and economic importance of silk worms - Answer (click here)
9. Life cycle and silk cultivation - Answer (click here)
10. Bee keeping: Castes, life cycle, economic importance, artificial bee culture - Answer (click here)
11. Castes(various types) of bees - Answer (click here)
12. Life cycle of bees - Answer (click here)
13. Some harmful insects or pests of paddy and jute - Answer (click here)

Practical Botany

1. Microscope: Structure, Uses, Functioning Processes of Simple , Compound Microscope - Answer (click here)
2. Study of the Structure of a Flowering Plant - Answer (click here)
3. Study of the Structure of Plant and Animal Cells - Answer (click here)
4. Study of the Stages of Mitosis from Permanent Slides - Answer (click here)
5. Study of Distribution of Tissue System in Dicot Stem - Answer (click here)
6. Study of the Structural Features of Different Plant Groups - Answer (click here)
7. Experiment to Demonstrate the Process of Osmosis with the help of Raisin - Answer (click here)
8. Demonstration of cell-to-cell osmosis by Potato Osmoscope - Answer (click here)
9. Demonstration of Ascent of sap from root to stem and leaves with the help of Peperomia plant - Answer (click here)
10. Experiment to show that Light is essential for Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
11. Experiment to prove that Heat is evolved during Respiration - Answer (click here)
12. Experiment to show the germination of pollen grains to form pollen tube - Answer (click here)
13. Experiment to show that CO2 is evolved during respiration - Answer (click here)

Practical Zoology

1. Earthworm: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
2. Prawn: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
3. Grasshopper: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
4. Toad: External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection, Skeleton - Answer (click here)
5. Digestive system of Toad - Answer (click here)
6. Skeleton of toad - Answer (click here)
7. Channa punctatus (Lata/Taki Fish): External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
8. Examples of Animals taken from each of the major Phyla, their identifying Characters, Observations and Figures - Answer (click here)

Subject : Introduction to Botany

Introduction

1. Plants, Botany, and Kingdoms - Answer (click here)
2. Taxonomy - Answer (click here)
3. Methods of Taxonomy and Diagnostics - Answer (click here)
4. Styles of Life and Basic Chemistry - Answer (click here)

Photosynthesis

1. Discovery of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Photosynthesis: Light Stage - Answer (click here)
3. Photosynthesis: Enzymatic Stage - Answer (click here)
4. Photosynthesis: C4 Pathway - Answer (click here)

Symbiogenesis and the Plant Cell

1. Introduction to Cells - Answer (click here)
2. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts - Answer (click here)
3. Cell wall, Vacuoles, and Plasmodesmata - Answer (click here)
4. Protein Synthesis: from the Nucleus to the Ribosomes - Answer (click here)

Multicellularity the Cell Cycle and the Life Cycle

1. Mitosis and the Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
2. Syngamy and Meiosis - Answer (click here)
3. Life cycle of the Unicellular Eukaryote - Answer (click here)
4. Life cycle of the Multicellular Eukaryote - Answer (click here)
5. Sporic, Zygotic and Gametic Life Cycles - Answer (click here)
6. Evolution of Multicellular Eukaryote Life Cycles - Answer (click here)
7. Life Cycle of Vegetabilia - Answer (click here)

Tissues and organs How the Plant is built

1. Epidermis and Parenchyma - Tissues - Answer (click here)
2. Supportive Tissues: Building Skyscrapers - Answer (click here)
3. Meristems: the Construction Sites - Answer (click here)
4. Vascular Tissues - Answer (click here)
5. Periderm - Answer (click here)
6. Absorption Tissues - Answer (click here)
7. Plant Organs and Organ Systems - Answer (click here)
8. The Leaf - Answer (click here)
9. Morphology of the Leaf - Answer (click here)
10. Anatomy of the Leaf - Answer (click here)
11. Ecological Forms of Plants - Answer (click here)
12. Morphology of the Stem - Answer (click here)
13. Anatomy of the Primary Stem - Answer (click here)
14. Morphology of the Root - Answer (click here)
15. Anatomy of the Root - Answer (click here)
16. Water and Sugar Transportation in Plants - Answer (click here)

Growing Diversity of Plants

1. Growing Diversity of Plants - Answer (click here)
2. Bryophyta: the mosses - Growing Diversity of Plants - Answer (click here)
3. Pteridophyta: the ferns - Growing Diversity of Plants - Answer (click here)
4. Diversity of pteridophytes - Answer (click here)
5. Heterospory: Next step on land - Answer (click here)

The Origin of Trees and Seeds

1. Secondary Stem - Answer (click here)
2. Branching Shoot - Answer (click here)
3. Modified Shoot - Answer (click here)
4. Life Forms - The Origin of Trees and Seeds - Answer (click here)
5. Origin of the Seed - Answer (click here)
6. Seeds Structure and Germination - Answer (click here)
7. Spermatophyta: seed plants - Answer (click here)

The Origin of Flowering

1. Upgraded Gymnosperms - Answer (click here)
2. Flower - Answer (click here)
3. Inflorescence - Origin of Flowering - Answer (click here)
4. Pollination - Origin of Flowering - Answer (click here)
5. Fruit - Answer (click here)
6. Three plant families you wanted to know but were too afraid to ask - Answer (click here)
7. Leguminosae, or Fabaceae - legume family - Answer (click here)
8. Compositae, or Asteraceae - aster family - Answer (click here)
9. Gramineae, or Poaceae - grass family - Answer (click here)

Plants and Earth

1. Geography of Vegetation - Answer (click here)
2. Geography of Vegetabilia - Answer (click here)

Subject : Plant Anatomy

Morphology and tissue systems the integrated plant body

1. Adaptation to aerial growth - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanical support systems - Morphology and tissue systems - Answer (click here)
3. The transport systems - Morphology and tissue systems - Answer (click here)

Meristems and meristematic growth

1. Meristems and meristematic growth - Answer (click here)
2. Apical meristems - Answer (click here)
3. Lateral meristems - Answer (click here)
4. Practical applications and uses of meristems - Answer (click here)

The structure of xylem and phloem

1. Secondary xylem construction - Structure of xylem - Answer (click here)
2. Secondary xylem - properties and uses - Answer (click here)
3. Evolution in secondary xylem - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of phloem - Answer (click here)
5. Gymnosperm phloem - Answer (click here)
6. Angiosperm phloem - Answer (click here)
7. Structure-function relationships in primary and secondary vascular tissues - Answer (click here)

The root

1. The root: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Epidermis - Root - Answer (click here)
3. Cortex - Root - Answer (click here)
4. Endodermis - Root - Answer (click here)
5. Pericycle - Root - Answer (click here)
6. Vascular system - Root - Answer (click here)
7. Lateral roots - Answer (click here)

The stem

1. The stem: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. Stems - cross sectional appearance - Answer (click here)
3. Transport phloem within the axial system - Stems - Answer (click here)
4. Transport tissue - structural components - Answer (click here)

The leaf

1. The leaf - Plant Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Leaf structure - Plant Anatomy - Answer (click here)
3. The epidermis - Leaf structure - Answer (click here)
4. Cuticle and cuticular sculpturing - The leaf - Answer (click here)
5. Stomata - The leaf - Answer (click here)
6. Trichomes - The leaf - Answer (click here)
7. Bulliform cells - The leaf - Answer (click here)
8. Hypodermal layers - The leaf - Answer (click here)
9. Mesophyll - The leaf - Answer (click here)
10. Strengthening systems in the leaf - Answer (click here)
11. Vascular system in leaf - Answer (click here)
12. The phloem in leaf - Answer (click here)
13. Loading phloem in leaf - Answer (click here)
14. Unloading phloem in leaf - Answer (click here)
15. Specifics of the monocotyledonous foliage leaf - Answer (click here)
16. Secretory structures - leaf - Answer (click here)

Flowers fruits and seeds

1. Vascularization - Plant Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. SEM studies - Plant Anatomy - Answer (click here)
3. Palynology - Plant Anatomy - Answer (click here)
4. Embryology - Plant Anatomy - Answer (click here)
5. Seed and fruit histology - Plant Anatomy - Answer (click here)

Adaptive features

1. Adaptive features - Plant Anatomy:An Applied Approach - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanical adaptations - Plant Anatomy:An Applied Approach - Answer (click here)
3. Adaptations to habitat - Plant Anatomy:An Applied Approach - Answer (click here)
4. Xerophytes - Answer (click here)
5. Mesophytes - Answer (click here)
6. Hydrophytes - Answer (click here)
7. Applications of anatomical modification in plants - Answer (click here)

Economic aspects of applied plant anatomy

1. Identification and classification - Economic aspects of applied plant anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Taxonomic application - Economic aspects of applied plant anatomy - Answer (click here)
3. Medicinal plants - Answer (click here)
4. Food adulterants and contaminants - Answer (click here)
5. Animal feeding habits - Answer (click here)
6. Wood: present day - Answer (click here)
7. Wood: in archaeology - Answer (click here)
8. Forensic applications - Answer (click here)
9. Palaeobotany - Answer (click here)

Practical microtechnique

1. Safety considerations - Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
2. Materials and methods - Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
3. Killing and preserving cell contents - Materials and methods in Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
4. Fixatives - Materials and methods in Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
5. Dehydration and infiltration - Materials and methods in Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
6. Sectioning - Materials and methods in Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
7. Clearing - Materials and methods in Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
8. Staining - Materials and methods in Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
9. Preparing permanent slides - Materials and methods in Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
10. Preparation of surfaces - Materials and methods in Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
11. Standard levels - Materials and methods in Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)
12. Microscopy - Plant Anatomy:An Applied Approach: Practical microtechnique - Answer (click here)

Subject : Anatomy of Flowering Plants: An Introduction to Structure and Development

Organs Cells and Tissues

1. Plant Organs - Answer (click here)
2. Plant cells - Answer (click here)
3. Plant Cell Inclusions - Answer (click here)
4. Plant Secretory Ducts and Laticifers - Answer (click here)
5. Transfer Cells - Answer (click here)
6. Tissues - Answer (click here)
7. Plant Epidermis - Answer (click here)
8. Plant Ground Tissue - Answer (click here)
9. Plant Vascular Tissue: xylem and phloem - Answer (click here)
10. Plant Meristems: Apical and Lateral Meristems - Answer (click here)

Stem

1. Shoot Apex - Answer (click here)
2. Primary Stem Structure - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Vascular System - Answer (click here)
4. Nodal Vasculature - Answer (click here)
5. Vascular Cambium - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Xylem - Answer (click here)
7. Secondary Phloem - Answer (click here)
8. Primary and Secondary Thickening Meristems - Answer (click here)
9. Periderm - Answer (click here)

Root

1. Primary Root Structure - Answer (click here)
2. Root Apex - Answer (click here)
3. Root Cap - Answer (click here)
4. Root Epidermis and Hypodermis - Answer (click here)
5. Root Cortex and Endodermis - Answer (click here)
6. Pericycle and Vascular Cylinder - Answer (click here)
7. Initiation of Lateral and Adventitious Roots - Answer (click here)
8. Secondary Growth in Roots - Answer (click here)
9. Roots Associated with Micro Organisms - Answer (click here)
10. Haustoria of Parasitic Angiosperms - Answer (click here)

Leaf

1. Leaf Morphology and Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Leaf Development - Answer (click here)
3. Leaf Epidermis - Answer (click here)
4. Extrafloral Nectaries - Answer (click here)
5. Mesophyll - Answer (click here)
6. Sclerenchyma and Idioblasts - Answer (click here)
7. Leaf Vasculature - Answer (click here)
8. Bundle Sheath and Kranz Anatomy - Answer (click here)

Flower

1. Floral Organs - Answer (click here)
2. Floral Vasculature - Answer (click here)
3. Perianth - Answer (click here)
4. Androecium - Answer (click here)
5. Pollen - Answer (click here)
6. Gynoecium in Flower - Answer (click here)
7. Ovule in Flower - Answer (click here)
8. Embryo Sac - Answer (click here)
9. Pollen Tube Growth - Answer (click here)
10. Floral Secretory Structures - Answer (click here)

Seed and fruit

1. Seed Coat - Answer (click here)
2. Pericarp - Answer (click here)
3. Grass Caryopsis in Seed - Answer (click here)
4. Endosperm - Answer (click here)
5. Perisperm - Answer (click here)
6. Embryo - Answer (click here)
7. Seedling - Answer (click here)

Subject : Biology laboratory Practicals

Laboratory Equipment

1. Laboratory Equipment - Biology Practicals - Answer (click here)
2. List of Chemicals - Biology Laboratory Practicals - Answer (click here)
3. Making Biology Solutions - Biology Laboratory Practicals - Answer (click here)

Collecting Biology Specimens

1. Kingdom Fungi - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
2. Kingdom Plantae - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
3. Kingdom Animalia - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
4. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
5. Phylum Nematoda or Ascehelminthyes - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
6. Phylum Annelida: Earthworms (Chambo) and Leeches (Ruba) - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
7. Phylum Arthropoda - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)
8. Phylum Chordata - Collecting Biology Specimens - Answer (click here)

Biology Activities with Specimens

1. Characteristics of Living Things - Answer (click here)
2. Introduction to Classification - Biology Activities with Specimens - Answer (click here)
3. Classification System - Biology Activities with Specimens - Answer (click here)
4. Investigation of Kingdom Fungi - Answer (click here)
5. Investigation of Division Coniferophyta - Answer (click here)
6. Investigation of Division Angiospermophyta - Answer (click here)
7. Investigation of Phylum Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
8. Investigation of Phylum Chordata - Answer (click here)
9. Dissection of a Rat - Answer (click here)

Biology Activities

1. Introduction to Biology: Measuring and Recording Mass, Temperature, Pulse Rate, and Volume - Answer (click here)
2. Cell Structure and Organization: Examining Animal and Plant Cells - Answer (click here)
3. Nutrition - Biology Activities - Answer (click here)
4. Food Test for Lipids - Answer (click here)
5. Food Test for Proteins - Answer (click here)
6. Food Test for Starch - Answer (click here)
7. Food Test for Reducing Sugars - Answer (click here)
8. Food Test for Non-Reducing Sugars - Answer (click here)
9. Investigating the Structures of a Leaf - Answer (click here)
10. Test for Starch in Leaves - Answer (click here)
11. The Importance of Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
12. The Importance of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
13. The Importance of Light in Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
14. Oxygen as a By-product of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
15. Essential Minerals in Plants - Answer (click here)
16. Investigation of Abiotic and Biotic Components in the Environment - Answer (click here)
17. Construction of Food Webs and Food Chains - Answer (click here)
18. Demonstration of Diffusion - Answer (click here)
19. Osmosis - Demonstration - Answer (click here)
20. Demonstration of Capillarity - Answer (click here)
21. Demonstration of Mass Flow - Answer (click here)
22. Demonstration of Transpiration Pull - Answer (click here)
23. Examination of the Vascular System in Plants - Answer (click here)
24. Examination of Root Hair in Germinated Seeds - Answer (click here)
25. Determination of Pulse Rate - Answer (click here)
26. Identification of Carbon Dioxide in Exhaled Air - Answer (click here)
27. Identify the products of anaerobic respiration - Answer (click here)
28. Investigate the Effects of Phototropism - Answer (click here)
29. Investigation of the Effects of Hydrotropism - Answer (click here)
30. Investigation of Effects of Geotropism - Answer (click here)
31. Using Sense Organs to Make Observations - Answer (click here)
32. Investigating Conditions Necessary for Seed Germination - Answer (click here)
33. Demonstration of Epigeal and Hypogeal Germination - Answer (click here)

Subject : Plant Biochemistry

A leaf cell consists of several metabolic compartments

1. A leaf cell consists of several metabolic compartments - Answer (click here)
2. The cell wall gives the plant cell mechanical stability - Answer (click here)
3. Vacuoles have multiple functions - Answer (click here)
4. Plastids have evolved from cyanobacteria - Answer (click here)
5. Mitochondria also result from endosymbionts - Answer (click here)
6. Peroxisomes are the site of reactions in which toxic intermediates are formed - Answer (click here)
7. The endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus form a network for the distribution of biosynthesis products - Answer (click here)
8. Functionally intact cell organelles can be isolated from plant cells - Answer (click here)
9. Various transport processes facilitate the exchange of metabolites between different compartments - Answer (click here)
10. Translocators catalyze the specific transport of metabolic substrates and products - Answer (click here)
11. Ion channels have a very high transport capacity - Answer (click here)
12. Porins consist of β-sheet structures - Answer (click here)

The use of energy from sunlight by photosynthesis is the basis of life on earth

1. The use of energy from sunlight by photosynthesis is the basis of life on earth - Answer (click here)
2. How did photosynthesis start? - Answer (click here)
3. Pigments capture energy from sunlight - Answer (click here)
4. The energy content of light depends on its wavelength - Answer (click here)
5. Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment - Answer (click here)
6. Light absorption excites the chlorophyll molecule - Answer (click here)
7. An antenna is required to capture light - Answer (click here)
8. How is the excitation energy of the photons captured in the antennae and transferred to the reaction centers? - Answer (click here)
9. The function of an antenna is illustrated by the antenna of photosystem II - Answer (click here)
10. Phycobilisomes enable cyanobacteria and red algae to carry out photosynthesis even in dim light - Answer (click here)

Photosynthesis is an electron transport process

1. The photosynthetic machinery is constructed from modules - Answer (click here)
2. A reductant and an oxidant are formed during photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
3. The basic structure of a photosynthetic reaction center has been resolved by X-ray structure analysis - Answer (click here)
4. How does a reaction center function? - Answer (click here)
5. Two photosynthetic reaction centers are arranged in tandem in photosynthesis of algae and plants - Answer (click here)
6. Water is split by photosystem II - Answer (click here)
7. The cytochrome-b6/f complex mediates electron transport between photosystem II and photosystem I - Answer (click here)
8. Photosystem I reduces NADP - Answer (click here)
9. In the absence of other acceptors electrons can be transferred from photosystem I to oxygen - Answer (click here)
10. Regulatory processes control the distribution of the captured photons between the two photosystems - Answer (click here)

ATP is generated by photosynthesis

1. A proton gradient serves as an energy-rich intermediate state during ATP synthesis - Answer (click here)
2. The electron chemical proton gradient can be dissipated by uncouplers to heat - Answer (click here)
3. H -ATP synthases from bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria have a common basic structure - Answer (click here)
4. The synthesis of ATP is effected by a conformation change of the protein - Answer (click here)

Mitochondria are the power station of the cell

1. Biological oxidation is preceded by a degradation of substrates to form bound hydrogen and CO2 - Answer (click here)
2. Mitochondria are the sites of cell respiration - Answer (click here)
3. Degradation of substrates applicable for biological oxidation takes place in the matrix compartment - Answer (click here)
4. How much energy can be gained by the oxidation of NADH? - Answer (click here)
5. The mitochondrial respiratory chain shares common features with the photosynthetic electron transport chain - Answer (click here)
6. Electron transport of the respiratory chain is coupled to the synthesis of ATP via proton transport - Answer (click here)
7. Plant mitochondria have special metabolic functions - Answer (click here)
8. Compartmentation of mitochondrial metabolism requires specific membrane translocators - Answer (click here)

The Calvin cycle catalyzes photosynthetic CO2 assimilation

1. CO2 assimilation proceeds via the dark reaction of photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
2. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase catalyzes the fixation of CO2 - Answer (click here)
3. The reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate yields triose phosphate - Answer (click here)
4. Ribulose bisphosphate is regenerated from triose phosphate - Answer (click here)
5. Besides the reductive pentose phosphate pathway there is also an oxidative pentose phosphate pathway - Answer (click here)
6. Reductive and oxidative pentose phosphate pathways are regulated - Answer (click here)

Phosphoglycolate formed by the oxygenase activity of RubisCO is recycled in the photorespiratory pathway

Polysaccharides are storage and transport forms of carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis

1. Starch is synthesized via ADP-glucose - Answer (click here)
2. Degradation of starch proceeds in two different ways - Answer (click here)
3. Surplus of photosynthesis products can be stored temporarily in chloroplasts as starch - Answer (click here)
4. Sucrose synthesis takes place in the cytosol - Answer (click here)
5. The utilization of the photosynthesis product triose phosphate is strictly regulated - Answer (click here)
6. In some plants assimilates from the leaves are exported as sugar alcohols or oligosaccharides of the raffinose family - Answer (click here)
7. Fructans are deposited as storage compounds in the vacuole - Answer (click here)
8. Cellulose is synthesized by enzymes located in the plasma membrane - Answer (click here)

Nitrate assimilation is essential for the synthesis of organic matter

1. Nitrate assimilation is essential for the synthesis of organic matter - Answer (click here)
2. The reduction of nitrate to NH3 proceeds in two reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Nitrate assimilation also takes place in the roots - Answer (click here)
4. Nitrate assimilation is strictly controlled - Answer (click here)
5. The end product of nitrate assimilation is a whole spectrum of amino acids - Answer (click here)
6. Glutamate is the precursor for chlorophylls and cytochromes - Answer (click here)

Nitrogen fixation enables plants to use the nitrogen of the air for growth

1. Nitrogen fixation enables plants to use the nitrogen of the air for growth - Answer (click here)
2. Legumes form a symbiosis with nodule-inducing bacteria - Answer (click here)
3. N2 fixation can proceed only at very low oxygen concentrations - Answer (click here)
4. The energy costs for utilizing N2 as a nitrogen source are much higher than for the utilization of NO3- - Answer (click here)
5. Plants improve their nutrition by symbiosis with fungi - Answer (click here)
6. Root nodule symbioses may have evolved from a pre-existing pathway for the formation of arbuscular mycorrhiza - Answer (click here)

Sulfate assimilation enables the synthesis of sulfur containing compounds

1. Sulfate assimilation enables the synthesis of sulfur containing compounds - Answer (click here)
2. Sulfate assimilation proceeds primarily by photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
3. Glutathione serves the cell as an antioxidant and is an agent for the detoxification of pollutants - Answer (click here)
4. Methionine is synthesized from cysteine - Answer (click here)
5. Excessive concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air are toxic for plants - Answer (click here)

Phloem transport distributes photoassimilates to the various sites of consumption and storage

1. Phloem transport distributes photoassimilates to the various sites of consumption and storage - Answer (click here)
2. There are two modes of phloem loading - Answer (click here)
3. Phloem transport proceeds by mass flow - Answer (click here)
4. Sink tissues are supplied by phloem unloading - Answer (click here)

Products of nitrate assimilation are deposited in plants as storage proteins

Phloem transport distributes photoassimilates to the various sites of consumption and storage

1. Globulins are the most abundant storage proteins - Answer (click here)
2. Prolamins are formed as storage proteins in grasses - Answer (click here)
3. 2S-Proteins are present in seeds of dicot plants - Answer (click here)
4. Special proteins protect seeds from being eaten by animals - Answer (click here)
5. Synthesis of the storage proteins occurs at the rough endoplasmic reticulum - Answer (click here)
6. Proteinases mobilize the amino acids deposited in storage proteins - Answer (click here)

Lipids are membrane constituents and function as carbon stores

1. Lipids are membrane constituents and function as carbon stores - Answer (click here)
2. Polar lipids are important membrane constituents - Answer (click here)
3. Triacylglycerols are storage compounds - Answer (click here)
4. The de novo synthesis of fatty acids takes place in the plastids - Answer (click here)
5. Glycerol 3-phosphate is a precursor for the synthesis of glycerolipids - Answer (click here)
6. Triacylglycerols are synthesized in the membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum - Answer (click here)
7. Storage lipids are mobilized for the production of carbohydrates in the glyoxysomes during seed germination - Answer (click here)
8. Lipoxygenase is involved in the synthesis of oxylipins, which are defense and signal compounds - Answer (click here)

Secondary metabolites fulfill specific ecological functions in plants

1. Secondary metabolites often protect plants from pathogenic microorganisms and herbivores - Answer (click here)
2. Alkaloids comprise a variety of heterocyclic secondary metabolites - Answer (click here)
3. Some plants emit prussic acid when wounded by animals - Answer (click here)
4. Some wounded plants emit volatile mustard oils - Answer (click here)
5. Plants protect themselves by tricking herbivores with false amino acids - Answer (click here)

A large diversity of isoprenoids has multiple functions in plant metabolism

1. A large diversity of isoprenoids has multiple functions in plant metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Higher plants have two different synthesis pathways for isoprenoids - Answer (click here)
3. Prenyl transferases catalyze the association of isoprene units - Answer (click here)
4. Some plants emit isoprenes into the air - Answer (click here)
5. Many aromatic compounds derive from geranyl pyrophosphate - Answer (click here)
6. Farnesyl pyrophosphate is the precursor for the synthesis of sesquiterpenes - Answer (click here)
7. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is the precursor for defense compounds, phytohormones, and carotenoids - Answer (click here)
8. A Prenyl chain renders compounds lipid-soluble - Answer (click here)
9. The regulation of isoprenoid synthesis - Answer (click here)
10. Isoprenoids are very stable and persistent substances - Answer (click here)

Phenylpropanoids comprise a multitude of plant secondary metabolites and cell wall components

1. Phenylpropanoids comprise a multitude of plant secondary metabolites and cell wall components - Answer (click here)
2. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase catalyzes the initial reaction of phenylpropanoid metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Monooxygenases are involved in the synthesis of phenols - Answer (click here)
4. Phenylpropanoid compounds polymerize to macromolecules - Answer (click here)
5. The synthesis of flavonoids and stilbenes requires a second aromatic ring derived from acetate residues - Answer (click here)
6. Flavonoids have multiple functions in plants - Answer (click here)
7. Anthocyanins are flower pigments and protect plants against excessive light - Answer (click here)
8. Tannins bind tightly to proteins and therefore have defense functions - Answer (click here)

Multiple signals regulate the growth and development of plant organs

1. Multiple signals regulate the growth and development of plant organs and enable their adaptation to environmental conditions - Answer (click here)
2. Signal transduction chains known from animal metabolism also function in plants - Answer (click here)
3. Phytohormones contain a variety of very different compounds - Answer (click here)
4. Auxin stimulates shoot elongation growth - Answer (click here)
5. Gibberellins regulate stem elongation - Answer (click here)
6. Cytokinins stimulate cell division - Answer (click here)
7. Abscisic acid controls the water balance of the plant - Answer (click here)
8. Ethylene makes fruit ripen - Answer (click here)
9. Plants also contain steroid and peptide hormones - Answer (click here)
10. Defense reactions are triggered by the interplay of several signals - Answer (click here)
11. Light sensors regulate growth and development of plants - Answer (click here)

A plant cell has three different genomes

1. A plant cell has three different genomes - Answer (click here)
2. In the nucleus the genetic information is divided among several chromosomes - Answer (click here)
3. The DNA of the nuclear genome is transcribed by three specialized RNA polymerases - Answer (click here)
4. DNA polymorphism yields genetic markers for plant breeding - Answer (click here)
5. Transposable DNA elements roam through the genome - Answer (click here)
6. Viruses are present in most plant cells - Answer (click here)
7. Plastids possess a circular genome - Answer (click here)
8. The mitochondrial genome of plants varies largely in its size - Answer (click here)

Protein biosynthesis occurs in three different locations of a cell

1. Protein biosynthesis occurs in three different locations of a cell - Answer (click here)
2. Protein synthesis is catalyzed by ribosomes - Answer (click here)
3. Proteins attain their three-dimensional structure by controlled folding - Answer (click here)
4. Nuclear encoded proteins are distributed throughout various cell compartments - Answer (click here)
5. Proteins are degraded by proteasomes in a strictly controlled manner - Answer (click here)

Biotechnology alters plants to meet requirements of agriculture nutrition and industry

1. Biotechnology alters plants to meet requirements of agriculture, nutrition and industry - Answer (click here)
2. A gene is isolated - Answer (click here)
3. Agrobacteria can transform plant cells - Answer (click here)
4. Ti-Plasmids are used as transformation vectors - Answer (click here)
5. Selected promoters enable the defined expression of a foreign gene - Answer (click here)
6. Genes can be turned off via plant transformation - Answer (click here)
7. Plant genetic engineering can be used for many different purposes - Answer (click here)